Chpt. 3

Front 1

Astrocytes

Back 1

Large, star shaped glialcelss that play a role in the passage of chemicals from the blood into the CNS neurons and preform several other important functions that are not yet well understood

Front 2

Autonomic Nervous system

Back 2

the part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment

Front 3

Afferent nerves

Back 3

Nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system; sensory nerves

Front 4

Anterior

Back 4

toward the nose end of the vertebrate

Front 5

Arachnoid membrane

Back 5

the meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb

Front 6

Bipolar neuron

Back 6

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

Front 7

Blood brain barrier

Back 7

The mechanism that keeps certain toxic certain substances in the blood from passing into brain tissue

Front 8

Brain stem

Back 8

the part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; it regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (heart rate respiration)

Front 9

Columnar organization

Back 9

the functional organization of the neocortex in vertical column; the cells in each column form a minicircuit that preforms a single function

Front 10

Cingulate gyri

Back 10

Large gyri located on the medial surface of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum

Front 11

cingulate cortex

Back 11

the cortex of the cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes

Front 12

Choroid Plexuses

Back 12

the networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and continuously produce cerebrospinal fluid

Front 13

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 13

the colorless fluid that dill the subarachnoid space, the central canal, and the cerebral ventricles

Front 14

Cerebral ventricles

Back 14

the four CSF filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle

Front 15

Central Nervous System

Back 15

the portion of the nervous system within the skull and the spine

Front 16

Central fissure

Back 16

the large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Front 17

Central Canal

Back 17

the small CSF-filled channel that runs the length of the spinal chord

Front 18

Contralateral

Back 18

projecting from one side of the body to the other

Front 19

Cranial nerves

Back 19

12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (e.g. the optic nerves, the olfactory nerves, and the vagus nerves)

Front 20

Cross section

Back 20

section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure of the CNS

Front 21

Dura mater

Back 21

the tough outer meninx

Front 22

Dorsal root Ganglia

Back 22

structures jsut outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons

Front 23

Dorsal horns

Back 23

two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

Front 24

Dorsal

Back 24

toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head

Front 25

Distal

Back 25

Farther from the central core of the body (wrists distal to the elbow)

Front 26

Decussate

Back 26

to cross over to the other side of the brian

Front 27

Electron microscopy

Back 27

a neruoanatomical technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure

Front 28

Efferent nerves

Back 28

nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles or internal organs

Front 29

Frontal sections

Back 29

Any slice of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections

Front 30

Ganglia

Back 30

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (singular ganglion)

Front 31

Glial cells

Back 31

several classes of nonneural cells of the nervous system; whose important contributions to nervous system function are just starting to be understood

Front 32

Globus palladius

Back 32

one of the basal ganglia; it is located between the putamen and the thalamus

Front 33

golgi stain

Back 33

a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neuron s in each slice of tissue; revealing their silhouettes

Front 34

Grey matter

Back 34

portions of the nervous system that are gray because they are composed largely of neural cell bodies and unmyelinated interneuron

Front 35

Gyri

Back 35

the cortical ridges that are located between fissures and sulci

Front 36

Hypothalamus

Back 36

the diencephalic structure that sits jsut below the anterior portion of the thalamus; it plays a role in motivated behaviors, in part by controlling the pituitary gland

Front 37

Horizontal sections

Back 37

any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the top of the brain

Front 38

Interneurons

Back 38

neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural acitivity within a single brain structure

Front 39

Ipsilateral

Back 39

on the same side of the body

Front 40

Inferior

Back 40

toward the bottom of the primate head or brian

Front 41

Longitudinal fissure

Back 41

the large fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 42

Lateral

Back 42

away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate, toward the body's lateral surfaces

Front 43

Lateral fissure

Back 43

the large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

Front 44

Medial

Back 44

toward the midline of the body

Front 45

Meninges

Back 45

the three protective membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord

Front 46

Mesencephalon

Back 46

one of the major five divisions of the brain; it is composed of the tectum and tegmentum

Front 47

Metencephalon

Back 47

one of the five major divisions of the brain; it includes the pons and the cerebellum

Front 48

Microglia

Back 48

glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflamitory responses

Front 49

Multipolar neuron

Back 49

a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

Front 50

Myelencephalon

Back 50

the most posterior of the five major divisions of the brain; also called the medulla

Front 51

Myelin

Back 51

a fatty insulating substance found in the extensions of glial cells

Front 52

Myelin sheaths

Back 52

coverings on the axons of some CNS neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

Front 53

Neurons

Back 53

cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

Front 54

Nissl Stain

Back 54

a neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies

Front 55

Nerves

Back 55

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system

Front 56

Nuclei

Back 56

the DNA-containing structures of cells; also, clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Front 57

Neocortex

Back 57

six layered cerebral cortex fo relatively recent evolution; it constitues 90% of human cerebral cortex

Front 58

Oligodendrocytes

Back 58

glial cells that myelinate axons of the CNS; also known as oligodendroglia

Front 59

Parasympathetic nerves

Back 59

motor nerves of the autonomic system that project from the brain (as components of cranial nerves) or from the sacral region of the spinal cord

Front 60

Peripheral nervous system

Back 60

the portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine

Front 61

Pia mater

Back 61

the delicate innermost meninx

Front 62

posterior

Back 62

toward the ail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head

Front 63

Proximal

Back 63

nearer the central core of the body (e.g. the elbows proximal to the wrists)

Front 64

Putamen

Back 64

a structure a that is joined to the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and the caudate compose the striatum

Front 65

Pyramidal cells

Back 65

large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid shaped cell body, and apical dendrite, and a very long axon

Front 66

Red nucleus

Back 66

a motor structure that is located in the tectum of the mesencephalon

Front 67

schwann cells

Back 67

the glia cells that compose the myelin sheaths of PNS axons and promote their regenerations

Front 68

Sagittal sections

Back 68

any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain

Front 69

Sensory relay nuclei

Back 69

those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of cortex

Front 70

Septum

Back 70

a midline nucleus of the limbic system, located near the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

Front 71

Somatic nervous system

Back 71

the part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment

Front 72

Stellate cells

Back 72

small star-shaped cortical interneurons

Front 73

Sub arachnoid space

Back 73

the space beneath the arachoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 74

Sulci

Back 74

small furrows in the convoluted cortex

Front 75

Superior

Back 75

towards the top of the primate head

Front 76

Superior Colluculi

Back 76

two of the four nuclei that compose the tectum; they receive major visual input

Front 77

Sympathetic nerves

Back 77

the motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic areas of the spinal chord

Front 78

Tracts

Back 78

bundles of axons in the central nervous system

Front 79

Telencephalon

Back 79

the most superior of the brain's five major divisions; also called the cerebral hemspheres

Front 80

Tegmentum

Back 80

the venral division of the mesencephalon; it includes part of the reticular system, substantia nigra, and red nucleus

Front 81

Unipolar neuron

Back 81

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body

Front 82

Ventral horns

Back 82

two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter

Front 83

Ventral

Back 83

toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head

Front 84

White matter

Back 84

portions of the nervous system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons