Chp 7

Front 1

Functions of skeleton

Back 1

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Blood formation

Front 2

Calcification

Back 2

Matrix in bone tissue hardens by the deposition of calcium phosphate

Front 3

Flat bones

Back 3

Cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs and hip bones

Front 4

Long bones

Back 4

Important for movement
The limbs
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Front 5

Short bones

Back 5

Wrists
Ankles
Patella

Front 6

Irregular bones

Back 6

Vertebrae
Ear bones
Etc

Front 7

Compact (dense) bone

Back 7

The outer shell of bones.
3/4 of skeleton
Medullary cavity containing bone marrow

Front 8

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Back 8

Ends of bones

Front 9

Diaphysis

Back 9

Shaft of long bone
Provides leverage

Front 10

Epiphysis

Back 10

Each end of long bone
Strengthens joints, added surface area for attachment of tendons and ligaments

Front 11

What cartilage covers the joint surface where one bone meets another

Back 11

Articular cartilage

And periosteum does not cover this

Front 12

Nutrient foramina

Back 12

Small holes in bone to allow blood vessels to penetrate thru

Front 13

Periosteum

Back 13

Tough sheath covering bones to provide strong attachment from muscle to tendon to bone.
Outer layer made of collagen and inner layer made of osteogenic layer (bone forming cells)

Front 14

Endosteum

Back 14

Thin layer of reticular CT lining internal marrow cavity, spongy bone, and canal system in compact bone

Front 15

Epiphyseal plate

Back 15

Of hyaline cartilage that separates the diaphysis and epiphysis that shoes where the bones grow in length

Front 16

Diploe

Back 16

Middle layer of spongy bone in the cranium to absorb impact of blows to the head

Front 17

Bones consist of...

Back 17

Cells, fibers and ground substance

Front 18

Osteogenic cells

Back 18

Stem cells developed from embryonic cells & gives rise to other bone cell types.
Found in endosteum and periosteum

Front 19

Osteoblasts

Back 19

Bone forming cells, non mitotic so they come from the differentiation osteogenic cells.
Synthesize bone matrix and secrete a hormone that increases insulin.

Front 20

Osteocytes

Back 20

Osteoblasts that get trapped in matrix. Reside in lacunae.
Resorb/deposit bone matrix, pass nutrients and chemical signals to other osteocytes by gap junction, pass waste to nearest blood vessels, and contact osteoblasts on bone surface

Front 21

Osteoclasts

Back 21

Bone dissolving cells on bone surface. Formed by the fusion of stem cells.
Ruffled border on the side facing bone surface that has unfoldings of plasma membrane which increases cell surface area.
Reside in pits called resorption bays in bone surface

Front 22

Matrix

Back 22

Organic matrix: collagen and protein carb complexes
Inorganic matrix: hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium potassium, fluoride, sulfate

Front 23

Composite

Back 23

A combo of a ceramic and a polymer

In bone, the polymer is collagen (gives bone a degree of flexibility) and ceramic is hydroxyapatite (enables bone to support weight of body)

Front 24

Concentric lamellae

Back 24

Layers of matrix in compact bone concentrically arranged around a haversian/central canal and connected with eachother by an osteon (haversian system)

Front 25

Osteon

Back 25

(Haversian system) the basic structural unit of compact bone

Front 26

Perforating canals

Back 26

Passages that join central canals lined with endosteum

Front 27

How much blood does the skeleton receive per minute

Back 27

Half a liter

Front 28

Spicules & Trabeculae

Back 28

Lattice of slivers of bone in spongy bone (rods and plates)

Front 29

Bone Marrow

Back 29

Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, spaces of Trabeculae in spongy bone and central canals.
Red: myeloid tissue producing blood cells in kids bones
Yellow: in adults, red marrow that turns to fat. Doesn't produce bold cells

Front 30

Two methods of Ossification

Back 30

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral

Front 31

Intramembranous ossification

Back 31

Produces flat bones of the skull and clavicle.
1: deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme
2: calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteocytes
3: honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum
4: filling of space to form compact bone at surfaces, leaving spongy bone in middle

Front 32

Endochondral ossification

Back 32

When a bone (vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvis, limbs) develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage.
1: early cartilage model
2: formation of primary ossification center, bone collar, periosteum
3: vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, appearance of secondary ossification center
4: bone at birth, with enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
5: bone of child, with Epiphyseal plate at distal end
6: adult bone with a single marrow cavity and closed Epiphyseal plate

Front 33

Bone Elongation

Back 33

Takes place at Epiphyseal plates.

Front 34

Bone Elongation

Back 34

Takes place at Epiphyseal plates.

Front 35

Conversion of cartilage To bone

Back 35

1: zone of reserve cartilage
2: zone of cell proliferation
3: zone of cell hypertrophy
4: zone of calcification & 5: zone of bone deposition

Front 36

Interstitial growth

Back 36

Bone elongation from cartilage growth by multiplication of Chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix

Front 37

Interstitial growth

Back 37

Bone elongation from cartilage growth by multiplication of Chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix

Front 38

Appositional growth

Back 38

Deposition of new tissue at the surface that makes bones grow in diameter and thickness

Front 39

Wolff's law of bone

Back 39

States that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it

Front 40

Calcitonin

Back 40

Secreted by C cells of thyroid when the blood calcium concentration rises too high.
Lowers concentration by Osteoclasts inhibition(this is reduced to liberate less calcium from skeleton) and osteoblast stimulation(increased to deposit calcium into skeleton)

Front 41

Calcitonin

Back 41

Secreted by C cells of thyroid when the blood calcium concentration rises too high.
Lowers concentration by Osteoclasts inhibition(this is reduced to liberate less calcium from skeleton) and osteoblast stimulation(increased to deposit calcium into skeleton)

Front 42

Parathyroid hormone

Back 42

Secreted by the parathyroid glands that adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and releases PTH when blood calcium is low

Front 43

Calcitonin

Back 43

Secreted by C cells of thyroid when the blood calcium concentration rises too high.
Lowers concentration by Osteoclasts inhibition(this is reduced to liberate less calcium from skeleton) and osteoblast stimulation(increased to deposit calcium into skeleton)

Front 44

Parathyroid hormone

Back 44

Secreted by the parathyroid glands that adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and releases PTH when blood calcium is low

Front 45

Stress fracture

Back 45

Break caused by abnormal trauma to bone

Front 46

Calcitonin

Back 46

Secreted by C cells of thyroid when the blood calcium concentration rises too high.
Lowers concentration by Osteoclasts inhibition(this is reduced to liberate less calcium from skeleton) and osteoblast stimulation(increased to deposit calcium into skeleton)

Front 47

Parathyroid hormone

Back 47

Secreted by the parathyroid glands that adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and releases PTH when blood calcium is low

Front 48

Stress fracture

Back 48

Break caused by abnormal trauma to bone

Front 49

Pathological fracture

Back 49

Break in bone weakened by a disease caused by a stress that wouldn't normally fracture a bone

Front 50

Nondisplaced fracture

Back 50

Bone remains in alignment

Front 51

Nondisplaced fracture

Back 51

Bone remains in alignment

Front 52

Displaced fracture

Back 52

A piece of bone is shifted out of alignment

Front 53

Nondisplaced fracture

Back 53

Bone remains in alignment

Front 54

Displaced fracture

Back 54

A piece of bone is shifted out of alignment

Front 55

Comminuted fracture

Back 55

Bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

Front 56

Nondisplaced fracture

Back 56

Bone remains in alignment

Front 57

Displaced fracture

Back 57

A piece of bone is shifted out of alignment

Front 58

Comminuted fracture

Back 58

Bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

Front 59

Green stick fracture

Back 59

Bone completely broken on one side but not into separate pieces

Front 60

Healing of fractures

Back 60

1: formation of hematoma and granulation tissue
2: formation of soft callus
3: conversion to hard callus
4: remodeling

Front 61

Treating fractures

Back 61

By closed reduction: procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery
Open reduction: involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, pins to realign fragments

Front 62

Osteomyelitis

Back 62

Inflammation of Osseous tissue and bone marrow as a result of bacterial infection.

Front 63

Osteomyelitis

Back 63

Inflammation of Osseous tissue and bone marrow as a result of bacterial infection.

Front 64

Osteosarcoma

Back 64

Most common, deadly bone cancer occurring in tibia, femur, humerus of males & metastasizes