Chp 2 And A Bit Of 3 The Chemistry Of Microbiology

Front 1

Matter is defined as anything that takes up ____ and has ____.

Back 1

______ is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass.

Front 2

The smallest chemical units of matter are _____.

Back 2

The smallest _____ _____ of matter are atoms.

Front 3

An _______ is matter that is composed of a single _____.

Back 3

An element is _______ that is composed of a ______ atom.

Front 4

A nucleus is composed of ________ neutrons and __________ ______ protons.

Back 4

A nucleus is composed of uncharged _________ and positively charged _________.

Front 5

Elements differ from each other in their ______ ______ which is the number of protons in their nucleus.

Back 5

Elements differ from each other in their atomic number, which is the number of _________ in their ______.

Front 6

The ______ ______ of an atome (sometimes called its ______ ______) is the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Back 6

atomic mass (sometimes called the atomic weight) is the ___ of the _____ of its _______, _______, and ________.s

Front 7

List at least four ways that radioactive isotopes are useful.

Back 7

.microbiological research

.medical diagnosis

.treatment of disease

.sterilization of medical equipment

above are ways that ________ __________ are useful.

Front 8

Interactions between atoms valence shells are called ______ ______.

Two or or more atoms held together by ______ ______ are known as a _________.

A _________ that contains atoms of more than one element is a __________.

Back 8

What are chemical bonds?

How many different atoms are needed to form molecules?

What is a compound?

Front 9

4 uses for radioactive isotopes?

Back 9

Microbiological research, medical diagnosis, the treament of disease, and the complete destruction of contaminating microbes ( sterilization) are examples of uses for what?

Front 10

A ________ ____ is the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms.

the attraction of a atom for electrons is called its _____ __________.

Back 10

what is a covalent bond

What is electronegativity?

Front 11

compounds that contain ________ and ________ atoms are called organic compounds.

Back 11

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms are called _________ ____________.

Front 12

POLARITY OR ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Back 12

– attraction of atom for electrons

– The more electronegative an atom, the greater

the pull its nucleus exerts on electrons

Front 13

Atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei (react same way with other atoms)

Back 13

ISOTOPES

Front 14

Useful in microbiological research, medical diagnosis, treatment of disease, complete destruction of microbes, sterilization of medical equipment & chemicals

Back 14

ISOTOPES

Front 15

– electrons in outermost shell that interact with
other atoms (critical for interactions between atoms)

Back 15

VALENCE ELECTRONS

Front 16

– Shared electrons spend equal amounts of time around each nucleus
– Atoms with similar electronegativities – No poles exist – Carbon atoms form four nonpolar covalent bonds with other atoms

Back 16

NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS

Front 17

__________ contain carbon and hydrogen

Back 17

organic compounds

Front 18

(peptides, amines, ammonia, water etc.)

•Unequal sharing of electrons due to

significantly different electronegativities

•Most important polar covalent bonds involve hydrogen

Back 18

polar covalent bonds

Front 19

–Occur when two atoms with vastly different electronegativities come together
–Atoms have either positive (cation) or negative (anion) charges

–Cations and anions attract each other and form __________ (no electrons shared)
–Typically form crystalline ionic compounds known as salts
–Eg. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride
–Ionization (dissociation)

– polar bonds of water molecules interfere with _____________ of salts – form electrolytes (conduct electricity and are critical for life)

Back 19

Ionic bonds

Front 20

– Weak forces that combine with polar covalent

bonds
– Electrical attraction between partially charged

H+ and full or partial negative charge on same

or different molecule
– Weaker than covalent bonds but essential for

life

–Many help to stabilize 3-D shapes of large

molecules

Back 20

hydrogen bonds

Front 21

(nucleic acids, enzymes, antibodies, intercellular chemical messengers, recognition of target cells by pathogens)

= examples of what type of bonds?

Back 21

hydrogen bonds

Front 22

- involve the formation of larger, more complex molecules

require energy (endothermic

in an organism all reactions of this type are called anabolism

Back 22

Synthesis reactions

Front 25

what kind of macromolecule is an organisms natural buffer

Back 25

proteins macromolecules act as natural ___________ in organisms

Front 26

propioniibacterium acnes pH=?

Back 26

pH 4= what organism commonly found what part of the body

Front 27

Helicobacter pylori pH=?

Back 27

pH 1.5 an organism found in what part of the body

Back 28

Dissociation of Acids and bases

Back 29

The pH scale

Front 30

compounds that dissociate in water into cations and anion other than H+ and OH-

transfer electrons from one location to another

Back 30

Salts

Front 31

Atoms often appear in certain common arrangements called ___________

Back 31

________ often appear in certain common arragenments called functional groups

Front 32

________________________ are the basic building blocks of macromolecules

Back 32

Monomers are the basic building blocks of _____________.

Front 33

____________=large molecules used by all organisms

lipids

carbohydrates

proteins

nucleic acids

Back 33

macromolecules used by all organisms=?

Front 34

___________ are all hydrophobic

steroids (fluidity of the membrane)

waxes (protection or energy storage)

phosphor_______ (membranes)

Back 34

Lipids

Back 35

phospholipids

Front 36

–Containone long-chain fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by ester bond

–Completelyinsoluble in water; lack hydrophilic head

–Mycobacterium tuberculosis issurrounded by a _____ wall, making them resistant to drying. Some marinemicrobes use waxes instead of fats as energy storage molecules.

Back 36

waxes description...

Front 37

KEEP MEMBRANE FLUID AND FLEXIBLE @ LOW TEMPERATURES

Back 37

STEROID STRUCTURE

Back 38

Fats (triglycerides)- Store Energy

Back 39

Phospholipids

Front 40

organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

function:

ready energy

part of the backbone of nucleic acids

converted to amino acids

corm cell wall

Back 40

carbohydrates

Front 41

3 types of carbohydrates...

Back 41

monosacharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

Front 42

Starch, Glycogen, cellulose

=?

peptidoglycan in bacteria

Back 42

polysaccharides

Front 43

sucrose, maltose, lactose

=?

Back 43

disaccharides

Front 44

pentoses, hexoses

=?

Back 44

monosacharides

Front 45

__________ are mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Funtions

.structure cell walls, membranes

.enzymatic catalysis catalysts

.regulation stimulate or hinder

.transportation channels pumps

.defense and offense (antibodies,

complement

Back 45

Proteins

composition?

functions?

Front 46

the monomers that make up proteins

A covalent bond (peptide bond) is formed between ______ ______ by dehydration synthesis

reaction.

Back 46

Amino acids

Front 47

monomers that make up _______ _____

composed of three parts

phosphate

pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

one of five cyclic nitrogenous bases

Back 47

Nucleic Acids

Back 48

nucleic acids

Back 49

nucleic acid bases

Back 50

Energy currency

Front 51

energy released from the high energy phosphate bonds of _______ is used for life sustaining activities such as synthesis reactions, locomotion, transportation of substance into and out of the cell.

Back 51

ATP

Front 52

ATP- Energy

2 Coenzymes: ___________, __________

Back 52

FAD, NAD