Chp 17-18

Front 1

Signal Transduction

Back 1

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Front 2

Glucagon

Back 2

Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and by cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. Primarily in the liver and increases blood glucose, concentration by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in muscle and lipolysis in adipose tissue.

Front 3

Somatostatin

Back 3

Produced by delta cells of the pancreas is essential in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (homeostasis of ingested nutrients).

Front 4

No. It is different from hypothalamic somatostatin, which inhibits the release of growth hormone and TSH. Pancreatic somatostatin is involved in regulating alpha-cell and beta-cell function within the islets by inhibiting secretion of insulin glucagon, and pancreatic ppolypeptide.

Back 4

Is pancreatic somatostatin the same as the hypothalamic somatostatin?

Front 5

Amylin

Back 5

This is a hormone co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli. It regulates blood glucose concentration by delaying nutrient uptake and suppressing glucagon secretion after meals. (has a satiety effect)

Front 6

Acromegaly

Back 6

This is the results from continuous exposure to high levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

Front 7

It is almost always is caused by a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma.

Back 7

What is almost always the cause of Acromegaly?

Front 8

Giantism

Back 8

What is the effects of increased GH levels in children and adolescents whose epiphyseal plates have not yet closed?

Front 9

Exophthalmos

Back 9

Marked protrusion of the eyes as witnessed with Hyperthyroidism (graves disease).

Front 10

Myxedema

Back 10

Notable edema around eyes and facial puffiness as witnessed with hypothyroid conditions (Hashimoto disease, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis)

Front 11

Insulin Resistance

Back 11

This is defined as a suboptimal response of insulin sensitive tissue (especially liver, muscle, and adipose tissue) to insulin and is associated with obesity.

Front 12

Somogyi Effect

Back 12

This is a unique combination of hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia.

Front 13

The rise in blood glucose concentration occurs because of counterregulatory hormones (epinephrine, GH, corticosteroids), which are stimulated by hypoglycemia.

Back 13

Why is there a rise in blood glucose during the Somogyi Effect?

Front 14

Amenorrhea

Back 14

absence of menstration, which is seen with prolactinomas.

Front 15

Dysmenorrhea

Back 15

menstrual pain that results from factors intrinsic to the uterus and the process of menstruation

Front 16

Anovulation

Back 16

failure of the ovaries to produce, mature, or release eggs

Front 17

Leiomyoma

Back 17

a benign smooth-muscle tumor occurring most commonly in the uterus, stomach, esophagus, or small intestine. Surgical resection is usually indicated.

Front 18

Adenomyosis

Back 18

an invasion of the muscular wall of the uterus by the endometrium.

Front 19

Endometriosis

Back 19

an abnormal gynecologic condition characterized by ectopic growth and function of endometrial tissue.

Front 20

Phimosis

Back 20

tightness of the prepuce of the penis that prevents the retraction of the foreskin over the glans. The condition is usually congenital but may be the result of infection

Front 21

Paraphimosis

Back 21

a condition characterized by an inability to replace the foreskin in its normal position after it has been retracted behind the glans penis.

Front 22

Priapism

Back 22

an abnormal condition of prolonged or constant penile erection, often painful and seldom associated with sexual arousal.

Front 23

Hydrocele

Back 23

an accumulation of fluid in any saclike cavity or duct, specifically in the tunica vaginalis testis or along the spermatic cord. The condition is caused by inflammation of the epididymis or testis or by lymphatic or venous obstruction in the cord

Front 24

Spermatocele

Back 24

a cystic swelling, either of the epididymis or of the rete testis, that contains spermatozoa. It lies above, behind, and separate from the testis. It is usually painless and requires no therapy.

Front 25

Torsion

Back 25

the process of twisting in a positive (clockwise) or negative (counterclockwise) direction.

Front 26

Epididimitis

Back 26

acute or chronic inflammation of the epididymis. It may result from venereal disease, urinary tract infection, prostatitis, prostatectomy, or prolonged use of indwelling catheters.

Front 27

Galactorrhea

Back 27

lactation not associated with childbirth or nursing. The condition is sometimes a symptom of a pituitary gland tumor. (also seen in Forbes-Albright syndrome)

Front 28

Prostatodynia

Back 28

.......

Front 29

Orchitis

Back 29

inflammation of one or both of the testes, characterized by swelling and pain. The condition is often caused by mumps, syphilis, or tuberculosis.

Front 30

Prostatitis

Back 30

acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland, usually the result of infection.

Front 31

Rectocele

Back 31

a protrusion of the rectum and posterior wall of the vagina into the vagina. The condition, which occurs after the muscles of the vagina and pelvic floor have been weakened by childbearing, old age, or surgery, may reflect a congenital weakness in the wall and may, if severe, result in dyspareunia and difficulty in evacuating the bowel.

Front 32

Enterocele

Back 32

hernia of the intestines

Front 33

Cystocele

Back 33

a herniation or protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina.

Front 34

Urethrocele

Back 34

a herniation of the urethra in females. It is characterized by a protrusion of a segment of the urethra and the connective tissue surrounding it into the anterior wall of the vagina