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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between usualand successful aging? |
• Usual aging: typical, expected part of aging...increasing fatness, decrease lean body mass and bonemass – affected by lifestyle choices and environment • Successful aging: declines that occur only becausewe grow older and not because of lifestyle choices,environment, and chronic disease |
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Understand what causes aging. |
• “Process of slow cell death” – Cells age and die – After age 30 cell renewal occurs less than cellbreakdown – Aging body can no longer meet physiological demandsand function declines |
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What is reserve capacity? |
– Organs maintain normal function with decreased cell numberor activity for a while – Severe demands on the body can exhaust reservecapacity function decreases |
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Understand that there are many hypotheses about the causesaging and that they are just hypotheses (best guesses based on data andobservation). |
- Errors occur in copying DNA - Connective tissue stiffens - Electron seeking compounds damage cell parts - Hormone functions change - Glycosylation of proteins - Immune system loses some efficiency - Autoimmunity develops - Death is programmed into the cell - Excess calorie intake speeds body breakdown |
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Understand the concepts of successfulaging and compression of morbidity. |
• Successful aging: declines that occur only becausewe grow older and not because of lifestyle choices,environment, and chronic disease • Compression of morbidity: strive for greatest number of healthy years, and fewest years of illness –compressing sickness to last few years of life |
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Differentiate Life Span from Life expectancy. |
Life span: Maximum number of years a human canlive Life expectancy: Number of years an average person, born in aspecific year, is expected to live |
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Name three nutrients that are commonlylacking in the diets of adults. Suggest one richfood source of each of these nutrients. |
Vit. D - fortified foods Zinc - Oyster Vit. E - Seeds/nuts |
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Understand the unique nutrient needs of adults and specifically why the vitamins andminerals highlighted in this section are important. |
• After age 30, total calorie needs of physicallyinactive adults falls steadily • Good idea for almost all adults to reduce fatintake • Need to consume more fiberand less simple sugar • Adults often deficient incalcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc,magnesium, folate, andvitamins B-6, B-12, and E • As adults age, acid productionin stomach declines andabsorption of nutrients thatrequire acid is impaired (B12,iron, zinc, calcium) • Calcium and Vitamin D – Decreased intake and decreased absorption – When low, increased risk of osteoporosis • Iron – Blood loss, ulcers, hemorrhoids, decreased absorption • Zinc – Decreased absorption – Deficiency leads to decreased taste sensation, impaired immunity and wound healing, mentallethargy • Magnesium – Limited intake – Deficiency leads to bone loss, weakness, mental confusion • Sodium – Intake usually in excess – Intakes in excess lead to hypertension, osteoporosis, tax on kidneys (sodium filtered by kidneys) • Folate, B-6 and B-12 – Required to clear homocysteine from blood to reduce risk ofcardiovascular disease, stroke, bone fracture, andneurological decline – B-12 absorption declines as acid production declines withaging (acidic requirement needed for absorption) – Some may require supplements • Vitamin E – Intake usually short of recommendation – Inadequate intake decreases antioxidants in body andincreases risk of cell damage • Carotenoids – Lutein, zeaxanthin link to prevention of cataracts,macular degeneration – Fruit, vegetables: major sources of carotenoids andother beneficial phytochemicals, are shown to beprotective against wide variety of age-relatedcondiDons |
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What is sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity |
• Sarcopenia – Loss of muscle mass– Muscles shrink and can be lost– Muscles lose elasticity with added fat and collagen • Sarcopenic obesity– Loss of muscle mass accompanied by gains in fat mass |
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What are the Physical Activity recommendations for adults and what are theconsequences of following them? |
2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults Engage in moderate-intensity aerobic exercisefor at least 150 minutes per week OR vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise for 75minutes per week, OR an equivalent combination of the aboverecommendations GOAL: Weight management, preservation of bonemass, and prevention of chronic diseases Perform strength training exercises 2-3 timesper week: focus on large muscle groups and enhancing grip strength GOAL: Maintain lean tissue and basal metabolicrate Include exercises that improve balance if there isa risk of falling.Incorporate stretching exercises into strength oraerobic exercises 2 days/week GOAL: Improve balance and daily functioning |
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Understand changes in dentition that occur with aging and how to best addressthese concerns |
• Digestion begins in the mouth • About 25% of older adults haveno natural teeth, many moremissing some teeth – Worse in low-income populations – Avoid harder-to-chew foods – Miss out on protein, iron, zinc, potassium, and fiber – Pureed foods sometimes necessary |
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Understand the consequences of decreased HCl production and intrinsic factor in thestomach. |
• Decline in acid production (HCl) and intrinsicfactor in stomach – Impaired absorption of iron, calcium, zinc, andB12 • Decreased production of some digestiveenzymes (ex: lactase) |
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What happens to immunity as we age? |
• Immune system operatesless efficiently • Require protein, folate andvitamins A, D, and E, iron,zinc to maximize immunesystem function • Over nutrition harmful toimmune system |
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What are digestive system concerns of adulthood? How can an adult prevent oraddress constipation? |
• Constipation is main intestinal problem – Increase fiber, fluid – Exercise – Fiber supplements may be needed – Some medications cause constipation • Gallbladder and pancreas function declines – Gallstones and gall bladder disease can impair fat absorption – High blood glucose signals pancreatic dysfunction |
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Understand changes in insulin sensitivity and the effect that can have on health. |
• Rate of hormone synthesis and release can slow • Decreases in insulin production and/or in insulinsensitivity results in high blood glucose thattakes longer to return to normal after a meal |
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What can an adult do to prevent insulin resistance? |
– Maintain healthy weight – Exercise regularly – Eat diet low in fat, high in fiber, and avoid foods witha high glycemic index |
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How can medication and supplement use affect health |
• May interact with nutrients • May affect appetite,sense of taste and smell • Some alter nutrient needs,utilization |
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How does depression influence nutritionalstatus? |
– Poor appetite – Poor food choices – Misuse of medication – Disability (weakness)) – Mental confusion – Poor nutrition – Obesity for some |
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how can limitedfinancial resources affect nutritional status? |
Money impacts types/amounts of food oneeats – Do not eat enough food or enough nutrients tomeet nutrient needs – Nutritional and health status declines |
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Understand these warning signs for undernutrition in adults |
Disease Eating poorly Tooth loss or mouth pain Economic hardship Reduced social contact and interaction Multiple medications Involuntary weight loss or gain Need for assistance with self-care Elder at an advanced age |
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What three pieces of advice would you give Gerald about eating well foran older, single man? |
- Keep easily prepared foods - Stay physically active - Take a walk before eating to stimulate appetite |
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List three possible nutrition resources for an older adult with limited financial means. Howcan community nutrition programs have a positive impact on emotional, physical, and nutritionalhealth of older adults? |
• Older Americans Act Nutrition Program – serves about 242 million meals/yr to adults 60+ – Provides 1/3 energy and nutrient requirements – Congregate meal programs provide lunch ata central location – Meals-on-wheels deliver to home-bound adults • Federal commodity distribution – Low-income elderly – Food stamps (SNAP) • Food cooperatives and religious organizationsalso provide assistance |
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What is binge drinking? |
– men, 5 or more drinks in a row – Women, 4 or more drinks in a row |
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Understand how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized,what factors affect the rate of metabolism, and what organs areinvolved. |
• Requires no digestion • Absorbed rapidly via simple diffusion in intestines • Depends on rate of stomach emptying • Rate of absorption – Wine and distilled spirits and beer (slowest) • Alcohol is found wherever water is found in the body • Easily moves through the cell membrane (damaging it) • Depends on – Gender, race, size, food, physical condition, alcohol content • 90% to 98% is metabolized , mostly in liver • Enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase andacetaldehyde dehydrogenase • Alcohol cannot be stored |
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What counts as a serving of alcohol? |
• One drink equals: – 12 oz beer or wine cooler – 5 oz wine – 3 oz sherry or liqueur – 1.5 oz 80-proof distilled spirits |
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What are Dietary Guidelines for drinking alcohol? |
– Moderation • 1 drink/day - women, • 2 drinks/day - men – None for those who cannot restrict, pregnant, becomepregnant, children/adolescents, those takingmedications, medical conditions – None for those engaging activities requiring attention – Monitor calorie intake, for weight management |
