Chapter 16, Nutrition, Notes

Front 1

What age group is considered a toddler?

Back 1

1-3 yr

Front 2

What happens to the growth weight? how much do they grow?

Back 2

Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches and 9-11 pounds
•Higher energy expended for increased activity level

Front 3

What is the estimated energy requirement for toddlers?

Back 3

kcal/day = (89 x weight(kg)-100)+20

Front 4

What are the various macronutrient requirements? fibre?

Back 4

30%-40% of total kcal from fat
•1.1 grams of protein per kg body weight
•130 g carbohydrates per day
•19 grams fibre per day

Front 5

Which micronutrients do toddlers need? What is the most common nutrient deficiency in young kids?

Back 5

Ensure adequate intake of the micronutrients that should be obtained from fruits and vegetables, including:
•Vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc
•Iron deficient anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in young children

Front 6

How much fluid a day do toddlers need?

Back 6

1.3 litres a day

Front 7

What supplements should toddlers take? whats the limit of RDA?

Back 7

Toddlers may need supplements, especially for fluoride
•Supplements should not exceed 100% RDA for any nutrient

Front 8

What are ways to encourage nutritious food choices?

Back 8

Toddlers have an innate ability to match their intake with their needs.
•Keeping a nutritious variety of foods available encourages a healthful diet.
•Food should not be forced on a child.
•Do not use bribery to encourage children to eat.

- make food fun to eat

Front 9

Allergy concerns?

Back 9

Continue to watch for food allergies
•Introduce one new food at a time

Front 10

Vegetarian Families:

Back 10

A diet including eggs and dairy can be a healthful diet
•A vegan diet may lack essential vitamins and minerals

Front 11

What is the growth rate at 4-5 years

Back 11

Growth rate continues to slow
•Will gain 3 –4 inches and 5 –6 pounds per year

Front 12

What are the macronutrient needs of toddlers? fibre?

Back 12

Total fat intake should gradually drop to a level closer to adult fat intake
•25%-35% of total energy from fat
•0.95 grams protein per kg body weight
•130 grams carbohydrate per day
•25 grams fibre per day

Front 13

Micronutrients?

Back 13

Vitamins and minerals from fruits and vegetables continue to be a concern
•Vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc
•AI of calcium increases from that for toddlers
•RDAs for iron and zinc also increase

Front 14

How much fluid?

Back 14

1.7 L

Front 15

Supplements?

Back 15

May be recommended when particular food groups are not eaten regularly
•Supplements should be appropriate for the child’s age

Front 16

What are some ways to continue to encourage healthy food choices

Back 16

Parents can teach preschoolers about healthful food choices:
•Some foods “help us grow healthy and strong”
•Some foods are better used as occasional treats

Front 17

When are toddlers at risk of being over weight ?

Back 17

a BMI of or over the 85th percentiles

Front 18

When are they overweight?

Back 18

BMI of or above the 95th percentile

Front 19

What risk does being overweight in child hood have?

Back 19

being an overweight adult

Front 20

What is the growth rate of school aged children?

Back 20

Growth is slow and steady, at 2 to 3 inches per year

Front 21

What changes abotu making food choices?

Back 21

Children begin to make their own food choices
•Activity levels vary

Front 22

What are the macronutrient needs of school aged children?

Back 22

25%-35% of total energy from fat
•0.95 grams protein per kg body weight
•130 grams carbohydrates
•45%-60% of kcal from carbohydrates
•14 grams fibre per 1000 kcal per day

Front 23

Micronutrient needs?

Back 23

The need for most micronutrients increases slightly through age 8.
•Micronutrient needs rise sharply as children approach puberty.
•Calcium and iron are still very important

Front 24

Fluid intakes? range?

Back 24

Adequate Intake (AI) of fluids varies by age and gender, ranging from 1.7 liters to 2.4 litres per day

Front 25

Supplements?

Back 25

A vitamin/mineral supplement supplying no more than 100% of the daily values can be used.

Front 26

Nutritious choices and influences in school aged kids:

Back 26

Peer pressure can influence a child’s food choices.
•Healthy role models, such as athletes, can be used to encourage good choices.
•Involvement in food preparation encourages active role in health.
•Parents should continue as role models.

Front 27

Obesity in school aged children: is it an epidemic? why? how to fix it?

Back 27

Obesity is now epidemic among school-aged children in Canada
•Caused by eating too much and not enough physical activity
•Children should be very active for at least one hour per day.

Front 28

How do other factors effect school aged children? such as puberty, body image, and selecting their own beverages?

Back 28

Body image and appearance become more important to children as puberty approaches.
•Inadequate calcium intake can result as children make their own choices and may avoid milk in favour of other beverages

Front 29

When is adolescence? what happens?

Back 29

14-18
- PUBERTY

Front 30

What is the growth rate in adolescence?

Back 30

Growth spurts begin at age 10 to 11 for girls and 12 to 13 for boys
•An average 20%-25% increase in height is expected
•Weight and body composition also change

Front 31

What are the Macronutrient needs for young adults? EER?
fat? carbs? protein? fibre?

Back 31

Estimated energy requirements (EER) for adolescents is based on gender, age, activity level, height and weight
•25%-35% of total energy from fat
•45%-60% of kcal from carbohydrates
•0.85 gram protein / kg body weight
•26 grams of fibre per day

Front 32

MIcronutrient needs?

Back 32

Calcium intakes must be sufficient for achieving peak bone density(1300mg)
•Iron needs are relatively high (boys 11 mg, girls 15)
•Vitamin A is critical for supporting rapid growth and development (900 ug for boys, 700 ug girls)

Front 33

Fluid requirements

Back 33

The need to maintain fluid intake is increased by higher activity levels
•Boys: 3.3 litres/day
•Girls: 2.3 litres/day

Front 34

Supplements?

Back 34

multivitamin can be a safety net, but should not replace a healthful diet

Front 35

What are the influences on adolescent food choices?

Back 35

Peer influences and fast-paced lifestyle can lead adolescents to choose fast foods
•Parents can act as role models and keep healthful food choices available
•Adequate fruits, vegetables, and whole grains should be encouraged

Front 36

Nutrition related concerns? physical activity? disordered eating? drugs...

Back 36

physical activity is very important in reducing obesity
•Disordered eating and eating disorders can begin in these years
•Cigarette smoking, alcohol, and illegal drugs can also have an impact on nutrition

Front 37

What are the primary concerns for young and middle aged adults?

Back 37

Maintenance of health
•Eating a balanced diet
•Staying physically active
•Reducing the risks of chronic diseases

Front 38

Older adults are what age group?

Back 38

65 plus

Front 39

What are big changes to the body? (5)

Back 39

•Decreased muscle and lean tissue
•Increased fat mass
•Decreased bone density
•Decreased immune function
•Impaired absorption of nutrients

Front 40

What are the macronutrient needs of older adults?

Back 40

Energy needs usually decrease due to reduced activity levels
•Recommendations for fat, carbohydrate, and proteins intakes are the same as for younger adults
•Older adults can consume slightly less fibre

Front 41

What is the need for vitamin D?

Back 41

10 ug per day 51-70. 15 ug 70 plus

Front 42

Calcium needs?

Back 42

1200 mg

Front 43

Micronutrients

Back 43

Calcium and vitamin D requirements increase due to poor calcium absorption
•Iron needs decrease
•Zinc intake should be maintained for optimizing immune function
•Adequate intake of B-complex vitamins is a special concern

Front 44

Fluid intake?

Back 44

AI for fluid is the same as for younger adults:
•Men: 3.7 litres/day
•Women: 2.7 litres/day
•Older adults are especially susceptible to dehydration

Front 45

Nutrition related concerns? chronic disease. illness, dental health, medications,

Back 45

Many chronic diseases are more prevalent in overweight or obese adults
•Underweight may result from illness, disability, loss of sense of taste or smell, depression, social isolation
•Dental health issues may cause older adults to avoid meats, firm fruits and vegetables
Some medications can alter nutrient absorption or decrease appetite
•A balanced diet containing ample folate, vitamin B12, and macronutrients, may improve memory and decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia.