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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Criteria that is necessary in Oregon for physician assisted suicide to take place |
- Must be terminally ill - Must have 6 months or less to live - Must make two oral requests - Must make one written request - Must convince 2 physicians that they are sincere, not acting on a whip, and that decision is voluntary - Must have not been influenced by depression - Must wait 15 days after making decision |
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Kathleen Foley does not believe PAS is ethical. What are two reasons why not? |
- PAS will substitute for interventions that would improve quality of life (if more ppl select PAS, then we won't develop ways to control pain and fight disease) - Hurts training, education, and practice improvements In palliative care (pain relieving medicine/care) |
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Although Oregon passes the Death with Dignity Act in 1997, the Busch Administration attempted to repeal it. The ethical theory that best fits is: |
Deontological: It was the Administrations duty/obligation to try and repeal it. Allowing ppl to kill themselves is unethical. Natural Law: Naturally, people should die they way they were supposed to. If supposed to die from a disease, then that is natural.
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How many weeks after conception does a fetus become viable? |
Supreme Court of S. Carolina determined 27 weeks is the point of viability |
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Define Partial Birth Abortion |
Abortion in which person is performing it. Deliberately/intentionally deliver living fetus except head vaginally. Doctor performs overt act, other than completion of delivery. Partial birth abortion kills partially delivered living fetus. |
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What are some reasons why a woman might delay an abortion until after a fetus becomes viable? |
- 71% did not recognize that they were pregnant or miscalculated gestational age - 48% had difficulty arranging for the abortion (getting money together) - 33% afraid to tell parents or partner - 24% difficulty in deciding - fatal fetal condition |
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When is down syndrome first detected? How rare? |
- 1st trimester - 1 in 700-900 births |
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Reasons that Lee and George do bot support abortion? |
- Believe embryos are complete yet immature beings - Intentional abortion is unjust/immoral |
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Margaret Olivia states that gestation does more than simply allow cells to become a person. She states that the meaning of creation is what? |
- Creation as a process - Motherhood as a relationship - Creation as a process |
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Using the Roe vs. Wade court case to make future decisions on abortion is a type of what category of ethical theories? |
Situation Based (casuistry) |
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Genetics testing prenatally is able to identify what dieases? |
- Down Syndrome - Cystic Fibrosis - Spina Bifida - Others |
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How can ppl be discriminated against with genetic testing? |
- Person can be treated differently b/c of real of real or perceived genetic differences (by employer or insurance companies) - Could limit access to rights and privileges (insurance and employment) |
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How can utilitarianism be applied to genetic testing? |
Utilitarianism: Acts that produce greatest good - Baby born with impairment, less than optimal life. Creates burden for family and society. Best if child is sacrificed.
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How can Deontological be applied to genetic testing? |
Physicians are adhering to duty. The right action is determined by intention, not outcome. Patient autonomy is considered and informed consent as well. |
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Discuss Autonomy for genetic testing |
There is a duty to respect others autonomy. - Informed consent is given; discussion of purposes, benefits, risks, and limitations of screenings. -May use passive consent. - Parents can refuse but if not test goes on - May not be fully informed on impacts of test results |
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Discuss Mary and Autonomy example |
Discussion before ordering tests are important - Family pressure - Pressure can influence - Some families make decisions together - explore clients values |
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Discuss Autonomy for genetic testing Cont. |
Social values of genetic testing may interfere/ conflict with personal values Persons health care needs not consistent with values held by others - May not want to learn health of offspring is at risk - May prefer offspring to have the same condition May interfere with care of baby |
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Discuss privacy in genetics testing |
Complex in genetics - Genetic test may reveal risk for disease for biological family members or other members that may be unaware of risk
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Judy privacy example? |
Judy is a carrier of fragile X gene mutation - other members may also be carriers and that info was revealed to them indirectly
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What is the main ethical principle of interest in the issue of adolescents and eld of life decisions? Why? |
Autonomy; b/c it is about who gets control to make that decision |
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Because most state legislatures have not addressed treatment refusals by adolescents, those adolescents are left with 3 options. What are they? |
1. Persuade parents/physicians to follow their views on life sustaining treatment 2. Persuade to execute advanced directive 3. Give up and acquiesce to views of legal adults |
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Weir and Peters believed kids should make own decisions that have normal cognitive developmental skills. What are ideas that support this? |
1. Adolescents with normal cognitive and developmental skills have the capacity to make decisions about their own health care. |
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Ross believes parents hold be responsible for childs health. What are ideas that support this? |
- Tests for competency do not exist, and the subjective nature of a test like this will make developing it impossible. - A test would risk losing privacy, efficiency, and respect for autonomy. - Physicians are not qualified to make an assessment of competency on a minor |
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Weir and Peters believe that adolescents with chronic illness have more mature than their peers and should be taken in to account when determining in an adolescent should make a more serious health care decision. Which category of ethical theory best fits? |
Agent based- at person, if they can make health decision. Situation based- relativism and casuistry |
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Refused medical treatment often refused by jehovah witness? |
Refusal of blood/blood products |
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What is name of official Jehovah's witness group journal? |
Watch Tower (Charles Russell's teachings. Started to be published in 1879) |
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The presiding judge in the case Schloendorff vs. society of new york hospital claimed "every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his body." This case established what underlying premise? |
Informed consent and a patients right to refuse |
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What are the key determinations in a patients right to refuse life saving treatment? |
- Competency - Adulthood |
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What are some reasons why a patient may be unable to make a competent decision? |
- Abnormal/unstable vital signs - Altered mental status - Evidence of impaired judgment as from a central nervous system injury or illness - Any sign of alcohol or drug intoxication |
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What was the court ruling in the case of Fitkin-Paul Morgan memorial hospital vs. Anderson? Why? |
Court ordered blood transfusion in a pregnant woman; in order to save her life as well as the life of the fetus |
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What is Patrens patriae? |
Parent of the state; state acts as the guardians |
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What are the thoughts of the Committee on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics when it comes to parental religion and refusal of treatment? |
- All children deserve medical treatment despite the religious objections of their parents -opportunity to be free from preventable illness -medical evaluation when life is endangered |
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The ethical theory that best supports the concept of Parens Patriae is? |
Utilitarianism |
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What three people are involved in the relationship triad when it comes to sports medicine? |
Doctor, Patient, Team |
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Name three unique challenges for an athlete when they have a medical condition? |
1. External pressures from coach, team, and agent |
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How are team physicians chosen? |
Highest bidder |
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how do the obligations of a physician differ when they are hired by the team and when they are hired by the individual player? |
With the team the doctor has to report to the coaches and also follow their rules |
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What organization allows college team physicians to release medical information to school officials? |
FERPA |
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In sports medicine, physicians are often pressured to treat athletes with a quick fix, allowing players to return to the game faster, but may cause greater damage later. This is an example of which Rushworth-Kidder paradigm? |
Short Term vs. Long Term Ind. vs. Community |
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*****what discovery led to an increase in animal experimentation in the late 1880's?***** |
Darwins Origin of Species; described biological similarities between humans and animals and discovery of anesthetics |
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What has caused the most recent increase in animal experimentation? |
The development of genetically modified animals |
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What is res cogitans? Who has this |
Thinking stuff (mind and soul) |
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What is res extensa? who has this? |
Extended physical stuff, no real pain in pain behavior |
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Peter singer, who is anti animal experimentation, believes that it is not a matter of whether animals can reason, but whether or not they can ________ |
Suffer |
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What was the Federal decision in 1993? |
-Improve standards of care |
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What are the 3 R's? |
Replacement- with invitro methods |
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Jerod Loeb believed not testing on animals coule impede development that would be beneficial to humans. name a few of his ideas (3) |
1. Duplication- reliability of results |
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The American Medical Association's stance on animal research is that although it is necessary, animals should not receive needless pain. This is an example of what ethical principle? |
Non-malifecence Justice |
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What is the goal of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America? |
To eliminate misleading ads leading to misleading prescriptions |
