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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Numinous experience |
An experience which completely amazes someone and often inspires awe and wonder. Usually words are not enough to describe the experience but it leaves them aware of a being greater than themselves |
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Conversion |
An experience that causes an individual to change their beliefs, ideas or complete lifestyle. an atheist may suddenly become a believer in God or a person may change from one religion to another |
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Prayer |
A method which Believers used to communicate with God. Prayer can be personal or can be a group experience when Believers worship together. Believers pray to share their ideas with God, praise Him, thank him, ask for forgiveness or to show gratitude. |
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Miracles |
An act of God that appears to be impossible as it goes against the laws of nature. It is usually performed for a religious reason. |
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The causation argument |
Nothing happens by itself. Everything that happens must be caused by something else. The universe can't have happened by itself. A powerful cause was necessary to create the universe this cause has to be God. Therefore God exists. |
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Arguments against causation |
It can't be proved. Even if everything in the world seems to have a cause it doesn't mean universe had a cause. The argument only suggest that God is the cause of the Universe. There are several other possible causes of the Universe such as the scientific Big Bang Theory. If everything has a cause what caused god? |
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Natural selection |
The way in which species naturally select the best characteristics for survival |
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Evolution |
Darwin's theory of the gradual development of a species over millions of years |
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Big Bang Theory |
Enormous explosion started the universe around 15 billion years ago |
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Is there a god? Some people doubt God's existence because: |
Scientific theories offer alternative explanations of how the world and humans came to exist with no reference to God. Science offers evidence that can be seen and tested where as God cannot be seen or proven in the same way. |
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Some Christians believe scientific theories are compatible with God because |
The bibles description of the creation of the world is more of a story. The six days of creation were stages not actual period of time. Science describes how the world came to exist and the Bible explains why. |
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The problems with unanswered prayers |
If they aren't answered, people might think God is not listening. Many people who experience pain and suffering in their lives pray to God, but if god does nothing about it, they may feel their prayers have been unanswered. Christians may question their belief in God if their prayers go unanswered. They could reject him or believe he doesn't exist. |
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Christian responses to unanswered prayers |
Some makes it that god does not answer selfish prayers.
Some may believe what they are praying for is not part of God's plan.
They may feel god is not listening to them. |
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Agnosticism |
Not being sure whether God exists. |
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Natural evil |
Things which cause suffering but have nothing to do with humans. |
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Omnipotent |
The belief that God is all powerful |
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Free will |
The idea that humans are free to make their own choices. |
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Prayer |
An attempt to contact god usually through words |
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Omni benevolent |
The belief that God is all good |
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Omniscient |
The belief that God knows everything that has happened and everything that is going to happen. |
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Numinous |
The feeling of the presence of something greater than you |
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Atheism |
Believing that god does not exist |
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Moral evil |
Actions done by humans which cause suffering |
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Bible |
The holy book of Christians |
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The decalogue |
The Ten Commandments |
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Human rights |
The rights and freedoms to which everyone is entitled to |
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Situation ethics |
The idea that Christians should base moral decisions on what is the most loving thing to do |
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Social change |
The way in which Society has changed and is changing and also the possibilities for future change |
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Conscience |
An inner feeling of the rightness or wrongness of an action |
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The golden rule |
The teaching of Jesus that you should treat others as you would like them to treat you |
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Pressure group |
A group formed to influence government policy on a particular issue |
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Political party |
A group which tries to be elected into power on the basis of its policies |
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Democratic processes |
The ways in which all citizens can take part in the government usually through elections |
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Church |
The community of Christians. Church with a small c means a Christian place of worship |
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Electoral processes |
The ways in which voting is organised |
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Other reasons why people believe in an afterlife |
The idea of death being difficult to deal with. Belief in an afterlife seems to make life fairer.
Sometimes people feel their loved ones who have died are still with them.
It makes sense that those who have led a good life should be rewarded and those who have not should be punished |
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Reincarnation |
Reincarnation is the belief that a person's soul is reborn into another body or form after death
And I do believe by Sikhs and Hindus but also by many non religious people because of memories from the past or deja vu |
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Paranormal activities |
Paranormal Activity refers 2 unexplained events that are thought to have a spiritual cause.
Ghosts of thought to be spirits of dead people who have not travelled to the next place. Evidence can be a physical presence that can't be seen or a feeling of something being in the room with you.
Mediums claim to be able to contact the Dead. You can attend meetings where people believe this happens. Some people claim these are not real. |
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Near death experiences |
Near death experiences are reported by patients pronounced dead for a short time.
They describe leaving their bodies and seeing themselves outside of their bodies.
Sometimes people have reported seeing dead relatives or a bright light. |
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Why Muslims believe in the afterlife |
The Quran states that we came from Allah and we must return to Allah. Surah 11 & 56 teach that those who live a good life will go to al'Jannah and that Allah is powerful but also merciful. The teaching and practice of the Prophet (the Sunnah). |
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Islamic beliefs about life after death |
After death, the Angel of Death will take a person's soul to barzakh. Allah will judge each individual on the way they live their life. On the day of judgement the body will be resurrected. Two angels will open the book which contains a record of what a person has done in their lifetime. If their name is recorded on the right hand side of the book they will be sent to al'Jannah- Paradise. If it is on the left they will be sent to Jahannam- hell. |
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Non voluntary euthanasia |
Ending someone's life painlessly when they are unable to ask but you have a good reason for thinking they would want you to do so. |
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Resurrection |
The belief that after death the body stays in the Grave until the end of the world when it is raised |
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Immortality of the soul |
The idea that the soul lives on after the death of the body. |
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Quality of life |
The idea that life must have some benefits for it to be worth living. |
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Organ donation |
Giving organs to be used in transplant surgery |
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Natural resources |
Naturally occurring materials such as oil and fertile land which can be used by humans. |
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Creation |
The act of creating the universe or the universe which has been created. |
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Surrogacy |
An arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman or where an egg is donated and fertilized by the husband through IVF and then implanted into the wife's uterus |
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Global warming |
The increase in the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere thought to be caused by the greenhouse effect. |
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Stewardship |
Looking after something so it can be passed onto the Next Generation |
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Artificial insemination |
Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means |
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Conservation |
Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. |
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Embryo |
A fertilized egg in the first 8 weeks after conception. |
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Environment |
The surroundings in which plants and animals live on and on which they depend to live |
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Infertility |
Not being able to have children |
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In vitro fertilization IVF |
The method of fertilising a human egg in a test tube |
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Sanctity of life |
The belief that life is Holy and belongs to God |
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Assisted suicide |
Providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide. |
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Abortion |
The removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive. |
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Voluntary euthanasia |
Ending life painlessly when someone in Great pain asks for death |
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Reincarnation |
The belief that after death Souls are Reborn into a new body |
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Euthanasia |
The painless Killing of someone dying from a painful disease |
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Evidence of life after death |
There is no evidence of an afterlife. No one has ever returned to prove it exists. Mediums and others who try to prove there is an afterlife for tricking people |
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Science for life after death |
Science explains everything in our world and we should not believe in things that are unscientific. |
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Humans are mortal |
When a person dies their body decays so how can there be anything else?
Life after death is impossible. We live and then die. |
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Religion is outdated |
Beliefs in heaven and hell are outdated and were ideas used to control people and their behaviour in the past. Religion offers no good evidence of an afterlife.
The Bible, which contains this information, is not as relevant today
Some argue god is not real and it does not make sense to believe in life after death without reference to God. |
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When does life begin |
The issue of abortion is controversial because there are many views about when life might begin.
At fertilisation? When the foetus is developing in the womb? At birth? At some other point? |
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UK abortion laws |
They must be agreed by two doctors
Abortion is allowed up to 24 weeks if there is no physical or mental risk to women's health health. Any existing children would suffer or be at risk. The child would be born severely disabled. Abortion is allowed after 24 weeks if there is risk to the mother's life. The baby will be severely deformed. There would be a risk of serious physical or mental injury to the woman. |
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Pro choice arguments |
Women should have the right to choose. It is their body. In cases of rape, abortion should be allowed.
It is Kinder to allow abortion as the child will be severely disabled.
Babies have the right to be loved and cared for and the woman cannot always provide this. |
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Pro Life arguments |
Life begins at conception.
An embryo has the potential to be a human and should have the right to life.
Even disabled children have the right to life
Adoption is an alternative. |
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Arguments against abortion |
Some Christians such as Catholics and evangelical protestants do not support abortion because
Abortion is viewed as murder
Life is a sacred gift from God
God has a plan for every human
All life has value even if a child may be born disabled
Life begins at conception |
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Arguments for abortion |
Some other Christians are more liberal, agreeing abortion is not good but that sometimes it is the lesser of two evils
Jesus taught about compassion towards others
We cannot be sure a life begins at conception
In cases of rape or incest, it is the kindest action
Medical technology allows us to identify problems with the foetus
Abortion is the best choice if the mother's life is at risk |
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Why some Christians believe euthanasia is wrong |
It's goes against the sanctity of life argument
Only God has the right to take away life
Euthanasia could be used for evil purposes
It is seen as murder because it takes away the life of a human Doctors or relatives may make the decision without involving the patient |
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Muslim attitudes to euthanasia |
Human life is Sacred because it is given by Allah
Allah uses how long each person lives
Suffering is a test of faith and part of life
Euthanasia is seen as suicide which is not permitted |
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What do Christian's use to make moral decisions |
The Bible + the church + the conscience |
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Reasons for using situation ethics |
Every situation is judged individually. As love is the main principle, it was a genuine Christian action
Love is an easy principle to apply and remember in all situations
Doing the most loving thing will appeal to people as a positive idea |
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Reasons against using situation ethics |
It is impossible to predict what will happen in every example, which is what this requires.
In Theory, anything a person felt was the most loving thing could be Justified including adultery or murder. It is not so easy to apply situation ethics and everyday cases where we are used to having rules |
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Christian teachings on moral duties and responsibilities |
The golden rule The parable of the sheep and the goats Am I my brother's keeper? |
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Reasons for genetic engineering and cloning: Christians |
God gave humans power over the world. Christians believe that as long as it does not cause harm, some forms of genetic engineering, such as GM crops, would be acceptable.
The golden rule is due to others what you would have them do to you. Full some Christians this could mean genetic engineering to cure diseases and disorders is acceptable.
Jesus healed people and Christians believe they should follow his example by trying to improve the health of others.
Some Christians believe that God has given us the gift of knowledge and we should use this and technology to help people and possibly save a human life. |
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Reasons against genetic engineering and cloning: Christians |
Only God can create life and humans should not play God
Life is Sacred and special and created by God so humans should not be doing anything against this. Some Christians, such as Catholics, believe life begins at conception and are opposed to anything that involves research on embryos when some are discarded.
Most Christians would be against genetic engineering curing defects that don't cause suffering such as being short-sighted. |
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Causes of global warming |
Many scientists believe that the Burning of fossil fuels by humans increases greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. Some scientists believe that the rise in temperature is natural and the climate has always been in a state of Change |
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Effects of global warming |
In polar regions the ice melts and increases the sea level which means that some land may be submerged.
Some hot areas suffering drought and others suffering excessive rain and flooding. This could result in shortages of food and then famine. Increase in extreme Weather events such as hurricanes and flash floods
Some animals and plants may die out if they can't adapt. |
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Solutions to global warming |
Individually. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use, walk rather than use vehicles comma Support environmental charities, lobby the government for Change.
Government and organisations. Set laws for factories to reduce energy, work together to try and reduce energy usage.
Scientists. Research into the causes and consequences of climate change so we understand more about it and can do more to prevent it. |
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Pollution. Waste |
Increase in waste that is not biodegradable or recyclable. Waste takes up space, spreads disease and releases dangerous chemicals. Such as new technology products like computers. |
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Pollution. Land |
Land or soil pollution leads to poor plant growth and threatens animal habitats. Such as littering, pesticides and radioactive waste. |
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Pollution. Air |
Substances or chemicals released into the atmosphere Stratton the chemical balance of the air. It leads to acid rain caused by burning fossil fuels and smoke which affects humans and animals. For example vehicle fumes, CFCs, burning fossil fuels and waste from Power stations. |
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Pollution. Water |
Contaminated Rivers, Lakes, oceans and reservoirs. This affect the water quality and the plants and animals that live there. For example, chemicals, fertilizers, oil, sewage and eutrophication. |
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Pollution Solutions |
Create less waste Recycle as much as possible. Reduced packaging. Re use as much as possible.
Alternative energy sources Use of renewable, clean sources such as solar and wind power to reduce waste and pollution.
Government action Anti pollution laws to limit the amount of pollution, and severe penalties if these laws are broken.
Alternative manufacturing methods Research into ways of manufacturing that cause less waste all that remove waste more efficiently. |
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Advantages and disadvantages of renewable resources |
Advantages They will never run out and the most provide clean energy, which doesn't cause pollution.
Many are only effective in certain areas. They can also be more expensive |
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Advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable resources |
Advantages Some can be recycled and they are useful to humans for transport, electricity, buildings and everyday products.
Disadvantages They are scarce. Once they are used up, they cannot be replaced and will be gone forever. Many cause pollution. |
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Issues with natural resources |
Humans are very reliant on non-renewable energy sources. If they are used at the current rate, they will run out. This will have an enormous impact and effect on the planet and human life. |
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Possible solutions for natural resource issues |
Use renewable energy sources. Conserve electricity. Walk or cycle rather than drive. Use products made from renewable sources. |
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The effect on Christian attitudes to the environment |
The Bible teaches Christians but they should
Take care of the environment because it is a gift from God.
Share the resources of the world more equally because Jesus taught Christians love and help each other.
Conserve the Earth's natural resources for future generations.
Reduce pollution to help the environment.
Care for animals and plant life because they were created by God. |
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Artificial insemination by husband or partner AIH |
The husband or partner sperm is medically put into the mother's womb. |
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Artificial insemination by donor |
The sperm of a donor, usually unknown to the couple, is medically put into the mother's womb. |
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Egg donation |
The husband or partner sperm is used to fertilize a donor egg in a Test Tube and then put in the woman's womb. |
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Embryo donation |
Both sperm and eggs are provided by Anonymous donors then placed in the woman's womb |
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Issues with medical treatment for infertility |
They are very expensive. There are no guarantees that procedures will work and many attempts may be needed. Fertility drugs have uncomfortable side effects. The couple's relationship may be put under great strain because of the treatment. Donor sperm or eggs can cause conflict or problems bonding with the child. Should children know their biological parents? Surrogacy can cause problems if the surrogate bonds with the child. |
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Ethical problems with transplant surgery |
It is expensive and limited form of treatment.
How do you decide who receives a transplant? Should it be the person who has been waiting longest, the youngest person or the one with the best Match of organ? |
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Issues raised by organ donation |
Who should get the organ when there are not enough with those that needed them?
Family members may feel pressurised into donating the organs of a loved one. Should humans be using organs from animals? There are not enough donor organs for those requiring organs. Should a person be kept alive or allowed to die acually for organ donation?
It raises questions about when a person is actually considered dead. |
