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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are galen's concepts
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dose/response curves
remedy must be of good quality illness is simple drug is more powerful than illness effect of drug should be same for everyone every time drug effect is specific to humans |
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describe yin
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passive
female flows down |
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What are the tastes of yin
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sour
bitter salty |
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describe yang
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active
male flows up |
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what are tastes of yang
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acrid
sweet |
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bitter organ system
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heart
small intestine |
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sweet organ system
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spleen
stomach |
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acrid organ system
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lungs
large intestine |
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salty organ system
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kidney
bladder |
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sour organ system
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liver
gallbladder |
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define dosha
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dysfunction
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what type of medicine uses dosha
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ayurvedic (indian) medicine
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describe metal
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hard
strong but mouldable cold but responsive to heat lustrous protective |
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what three living systems relate to botanical medicines
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perception (volatile oils)
reaction (volatile oils) reproduction (saponins) |
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how much is metabolized in the first pass phenomenon
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60%
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define pharmacodynamics
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effect of drug on the body
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define pharmacokinetics
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effect of body on the drug
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what is an agonist
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drug that stimulates or inhibits an effector after complexing with a receptor
(has intrinsic activity) |
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what is an antagonist
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drug that complexes with a receptor but the complex lacks intrinsic activity
(has no activity on its own) |
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what is an agonist that inhibits
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has intrinsic activity but antagonist has no activity of its own
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what do you wish to achieve with potency and efficacy
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maximum level of desired effect yielding the best response (efficacy) with the smallest dose (high potency)
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define potency
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biological effect per unit weight
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define efficacy
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maximum level of desire effect
related to affinity and intrinsic activity |
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which is more important potency or efficacy
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efficacy
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what is summation
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X
1 + 1 = 2 |
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what is synergism
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Y
1 + 1 = 3 |
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what is potentiation
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Z
1 + 0 = 3 |
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what is a pharmacological antagonism
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negative effects
2 drugs have opposite effects |
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what is a physiological antagonism
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negative effects
2 drugs compete for the same receptors |
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describe depot injection
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injected into large muscle
absorbed into the bloodstream slowly |
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what is protein binding and why is it good
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binds up drug for storage
minimizes fluctuation not filtered excreted less |
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what is RSI
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relative safety index
TI of new drug/TI of standard drug high the RSI means the new drug is safer |
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How is TI determined
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lethal dose/effective dose
toxic dose/effective dose |
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how does pKa affect dosage
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only the uncharged portion of the drug can be absorbed
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what is the pKa
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ionization constant
pH at which 1/2 of the ions are charged and 1/2 are not charged |
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what is protein binding
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bound drug acts as storehouse
bound drug is not filtered by glomerulus not excreted as rapidly |
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what is conjugation
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drug is bound to a more water soluble substance
more easily excreted protects |
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what are the inputs
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GI absorbtion
parenteral administration from storage depots reabsorption from renal tubules redistribution |
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what are the outputs
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diffusion into interstitial fluid
into storage depots biotransformation excretion |
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what is steady state
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when the DRUGS output is equal to the input
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what is homeostasis
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state of equilibrium of the BODY with respect to functions
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how do we achive a steady state (half-life)
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give increased "loading/priming dose" to avoid waiting 4 1/2 half lives
then give smaller (maintenance) dose which gets us to steady state |
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use of chamomile
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inflammation of GI
digestive skin mucous membranes |
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use of Hawthorne
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heart tonic
cardiovascular |
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use of Milk thistle
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liver
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use of Saw Palmetto
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reduces prostate size
reducing amount of Dihydrotestosterone and estrogen in the prostate |
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use of Cranberry
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urinary
bladder |
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use of aloe vera
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laxative
digestive treat burns |
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use of St. Johns Wart
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depression (inhibition of monoamine oxidase)
nervous system |
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how is a botanical different from a drug
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several ingredients
long onset of action less effect fewer side effects effects last after discontinue effects STRUCTURE and FUNCTION |
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how is a drug different from a botanical
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one ingredient
more effective more side effects does NOT effect structure and funcion stops after discontinuation |
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define standardization
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properly identifying raw materials
analyzing the plant for toxic substances identifying key compounds determining ideal level of key compounds extract key compounds determine unique chemical profile of plant maintain that chemical profile of the plant |
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what is a tannin
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simplest phenol
decomposes water slowly good for leather ASTRINGENT decrease metal absorption |
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what is an anthraquinone
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glycoside
LAXATIVE psoriasis may cause cramping (hypokalemia) |
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what is a flavinoid
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antioxidants
strengthen the plant give it the color and pigment |
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what is a coumarin
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anticoagulant
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what are essential oils
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really not an oil
example = terpenoids |
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what do glycosides contain
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sugar
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what is isothocyanate
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goitergenic
cause hypothyroid by inhibiting T4 treatment for HYPERTHYROID |
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what is a benzoic acid
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found in cranberries
found in many resins |
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what are tannins (OPC)
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decrease heart dz
hawthorne PINE BARK |
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what are resins
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protective
relief from ulcers |
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what does capsacin do
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activates then inhibits C fibers
produces substance P |
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use of aloe vera
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laxative
treat burns |
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use of guggul
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helps with lowering cholesterol
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use of witch hazel
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astringent
helps with varicose veins |
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use of boswelia
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osteoarthritis
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use of pine bark
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tannin (OPC)
heart dz PYCNOGYNOL |
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use of grape seed extract
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tannin (OPC)
heart dz |
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use of juniper
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diuretic
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what are cardiac glycosides used for
how do they work |
congestive hrt failure
inhibit Na/K pump increase force of heart decrease hrt rate |
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what are cascara and senna used for
how do they work |
anthraquinone
laxative stimulate Cl secretion |
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what are the strategies for herbal prescription
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cleaning - elimination
optimize body chemistry - nutrition optimize body energy - vitality |
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what are topical preparations used for
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wounds
sprains/bruises pruritis inflammed jts cutaneous eruptions systemic inflammatory dz. |
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how are topical preparations classified as
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demulcents
astringents anti-inflammatory antiseptics |
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what are used for allergies
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echinacea
chamomile stinging nettles bromelain |
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what are the major side effects of botanicals
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GI
allergies |
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what is PG 1 prostaglandin
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anti-spasmotic
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what is PG 2 prostaglandin
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inflammation
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what is PG 3 prostaglandin
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anti-inflammatory
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what is the hrt prescription
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CoQ10
L-carnitine HAWTHORNE garlic B6 B12 folate taraxacum (dandelion) lower BP passionflower (sedative) kava valerian digitalis (purpurea foxglove) |
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what is the gut prescription
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L-glutamine
HCl marshmallow capsacin (cayenne) ginger tumeric chomomile aloe cascara barberry |
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what is dandelion used for
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leaves - natural diuretic
roots - mild laxative and promote bile flow and liver fx treats hypertension direct role in vasodilation |
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what is the diabetic prescription
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vit B,A,C
Chromium Vanadium (vaudate) bilberry cinnamon Ginseng |
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what is synergy
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botanicals have many different ingredients therefore each one has many different mx of action
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how did galen treat fevers and heat
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heating remedies start at or equal to heat of our bodies
expelled by perspiration to heal |
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what are Galen's concepts of pharmacodynamics in the botanical approach
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illness must be appropriate to action of drug
illness must be simple not complex drug must be more powerful than illness effect of drug is the same for everyone at every time effect of the drug is specific for humans distinguish the effect of the drug from food |
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Yin/Yang , Dosha (disharmonies)
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emotional metaphors
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what is the concept of Yin/Yang
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traditional chinese medicine
everything moves in continuum herbs have a relationship with phase, fx, taste |
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describe ayurvedic medicine
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Indian
linked to taste (RASAS) everyone craves the taste most lacking in them |
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Dosha means what
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dysfunctional
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what does Vata/air mean
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respiratory
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what does ama mean
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toxicity
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what does Kapha mean
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mucous conditions
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what does vata/sama
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GI
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what does fire relate to
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heart
small intestine bitter |
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what does earth relate to
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spleen
stomach sweet |
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what does metal relate to
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lungs
large intestine pungent |
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what does water relate to
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kidney
bladder salty |
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what does wood relate to
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liver
gallbladder sour |
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define pharmacology
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study of the interaction of biologically active agents with living systems
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define pharmacodynamics
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effect of substance on the body
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define pharmacokinetics
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effect of body on the drug
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define phytochemistry
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study of chemical constituents of plants
many constituents of plants are 2ndary metabolites |
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what do 2ndary metabolites help the plant do
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survive
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what is a depot injection
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bolus injection just slightly under the skin or between muscles
injection of substance that tends to keep it at the site of the injections so that absorption occurs over a prolonged period |
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what is an enteric coating
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allows for absorption of the drug from the GI tract
protects the drug from the body |
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what is an enteral administration
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refers to drugs taken orally and absorbed by the GI tract
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what are the advantages of enteral
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convenience
economics safety |
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what are the disadvantages of enteral
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unpredictable rate of absorption
destruction by digestive/hepatic enzymes variable pt. characteristics stressed pt does not absorb nutrients well |
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parenteral disadvantages
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hard to get into area of interest
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the fraction of the drug in the uncharged form is determined by what
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the ionization constant (pKa) of the compound and by the pH of the medium
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absorption of the drug is dependent on what
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concentration of the uncharged form and its lipid solubility
(only the uncharged portion of the drug is absorbed) |
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what do antacids do to the drug absorption
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make the environment less acidic
decrease the amount of absorption of drugs |
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what does HCl do to the drug absorption
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increases the drugs ability to be absorbed
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what is pKa
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pH of the medium at which half of the drug is charged and the other half in non-charged
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what does conjugation do to the drug
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protects the drug
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what is biotransformation
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may have lost all biological activity
may be either less, equally, or mor potent |
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chamomile organ system
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GI
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Hawthorne organ system
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Heart
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Saw Palmetto organ system
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prostate
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Milk thistle organ system
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liver
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cranberry organ system
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UTI
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aloe vera organ system
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Skin
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St. Johns organ system
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CNS
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define agonist
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drug that stimulates/inhibits an effector after complexing with a receptor
produces intrinsic activity |
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define antagonist
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drug that complexes with a receptor but the complex LACKS INTRINSIC ACTIVITY
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define potency
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biological effect per unit weight
related to affinity between drug and receptors power of a medicinal agent to produce the desire effect only related to dose |
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define efficacy
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related to affinity and intrinsic activity
ability to elicit the maximum level of desired effect of obtainable drugs strength effectiveness |
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define summation
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X
combined effects of 2 or more drugs is equal to the sum of their individual action mechanism of action and sites of action are the same (same mx, same site of ax) 1 + 1 = 2 |
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define synergism
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Y
working together of 2 or more drugs in which the effects are the same but the mechanism of action and /or sites of action are different (diff. sites of ax and diff mx of ax) 1 + 1 = 3 |
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define potentiation
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one drug increases the potency and/or duration of action of another drug but has not effect on the target itself
(added drug affects the pharmacokinetics of the first) 1 + 0 = 3 |
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what is a chemical negative interaction
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one drug combines with other
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what is a biochemical negative interaction
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one drug increases the metabolism of the other
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what is a negative physiological interaction
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two drugs have opposite effects on given system
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what is a pharmacological negative interaction
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two drugs compete for the same receptor
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what is the ideal of standardization
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establish constistent potency
control the full spectrum of bioactive chemical constituents naturally occurring in medicinal plants from batch to batch |
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what is a functional food
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food that is capable of providing a health benefit to the body
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what do 2ndary metabolites do for the plant
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plants immobile
changing physical environments attach by animals and environment mechansim of defense developed |
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what do 2ndary metabolites have for action in the plants
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insect attack
protect against decomposition by microbial agents defense against other plants defense against infx make color and strength protects and helps reproduction |
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what is willow bark
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best known phenolic acid
salicylic acid does not have anti-platelet action not suitable for hrt patients |
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what is a counterirritant
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irritants that stimulate nerve endings on the skin to cause fellings of hot, cold, itching
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describe capsacin
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release of prostaglandins and substance P
inhibit C fibers |
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describe ginger actions
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closes gate to sensory going up by inhibiting C fibers
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descibe saponins action
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decrease absorption of cholesterol
antiviral antifungal increase permeability of SI |
