560P Botanicals Abridged Lg/lz

Front 1

According to the articles on regulatory issues, WHICH of he following except one are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines? Check all that apply

A. Excessive prices for commercial herbal products

B. Interactions between herbs and drugs

C. Adulteration of some preparations with drugs

D. Lack of routine reporting of adverse events

E. Lack of standardization among herbal preparations

Back 1

B C, D, E

Front 2

*List examples of expectorant herbs and describe their function.

Back 2

EX: Eucalyptus, thyme

Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions

Front 3

* List examples of mucilaginous herbs and describe their function.

Back 3

EX: Mullein, Marshmallow, Plantain

Form protective coating

Front 4

* What condition(s) are the tannin-containing herbs helpful in addressing?

Back 4

Acute diarrhea

Front 5

* What herbs (list 2) were formerly FDA-approved over-the-counter laxatives, but have since been disapproved due to modern efficacy and safety research?

Back 5

Cascara & Aloe

Front 6

* What constituent of licorice can raise BP, so is removed in some preparations?

Back 6

Glycyrrhizin

Front 7

* What does a carminative do in the digestive system?

Back 7

Carminative: relieve bloating and fullness

Front 8

* What does a cholagogue do in the digestive system?

Back 8

Cholagogue: promote bile production

Front 9

* What does a bitter do in the digestive system?

Back 9

Bitter: stimulate gastric secretions

Front 10

* Which botanicals have caffeine as a significant constituent?

Back 10

Guarana, mate, black and green tea

Front 11

* What are the pharmaceutical medications with which St. John’s wort is most likely to interact in a significant way?

Back 11

SSRIs, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, anticoagulants, immunosuppressants

Front 12

* What is the relationship between alliin, alliinase, and allicin in the pharmacokinetics of garlic?

Back 12

Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin

Front 13

* What does it mean for an herbal to “potentiate” a pharmaceutical medication? What precautions need to be taken in cases like this? What herbals are most known for potentiating anticoagulant medications?

Back 13

• The herb increases the power or effect of the medication
• Contraindications should be noted; taken with care
• Bromelain, St John’s Wort
  

Front 14

* What is a “declared content” on a botanical label and why is it important with potentially toxic herbals?

Back 14

Name of each ingredient and what it contains

Front 15

* Describe current supplement labeling regulations regarding health claims and structure/function properties of herbs.

Back 15

In the U.S., the label can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence Therapeutic claims cannot be made on the label or in the package insert

Front 16

* What is an enteric coated capsule? In what ways can they be helpful and at what point should they be used in relation to a meal?

Back 16

• Allow for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
• Improves ease of swallowing
• Extends shelf life
• Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients
• Taken at least one hour before a meal
• Coating protects the medicinal core
  

Front 17

common preparation using alcohol or alcohol+water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations

Back 17

Tincture

Front 18

Sweet and easy to administer especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children.

Back 18

Syrup

Front 19

alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components

Back 19

Medicinal oils

Front 20

a solution of a volatile substance in alcohol of alcohol+water

Back 20

Medicinal Spirits

Front 21

extract made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components

Back 21

Plant juices

Front 22

water poured boiling (or cold) over herb and covered, allowed to steep, then strained

Back 22

Infusion

Front 23

covered with water, boiled, simmer 10+ minutes, strained

Back 23

Decoction

Front 24

covered with room temperature water, stands 6 hours, strained

Back 24

Maceration

Front 25

* What are the key arguments FOR increasing regulation of botanical medicines in the United States?

Back 25

-many herbal products contain undisclosed prescription or over-the-counter drugs and heavy metals

-standardiziation promotes batch-to-batch consistency

-more responsibility on the manufacturers of dietary supplements (evidence of good manufacturing practices)

-ensuring what’s on the label is what’s inside

-lack of routine reporting of adverse events

-interactions between herbs and drugs

Front 26

Which one of the following is not a difference between the US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?

A. Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany.

B. Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US.

C. Herbal medicines have higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany.

D. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products

Back 26

D. The U.S. has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products

Front 27

Digoxin is isolated from...

Back 27

Foxglove leaf

Front 28

Codeine is isolated from...

Back 28

Opium poppy

Front 29

Aspirin is isolated from...

Back 29

Willow bark

Front 30

Quinine is isolated from...

Back 30

Chinchona bark

Front 31

A typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of an herb-to-extract ratio?

Back 31

5:1

Front 32

What is the volatile oil content of typical herbs that contain such oils?

Back 32

1-2%

Front 33

Which of the following, if any, is not one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs.

A. Cultivation

B. Climate

C. Soil quality

D. Plant genetics

E. All of these factors affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs

Back 33

E. All of these factors affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs

Front 34

True or False: Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content.

Back 34

False

Front 35

Choose the correct statement about the use of solvents for preparing botanical extracts.

A. Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in polar compounds

B. Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in lipophilic constituents

C. Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents

D. Aqueous extracts are high in lipophilic constituents while alcohol extracts are high in polar compounds

Back 35

C. Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents

Front 36

T or F: Using marker compounds to adjust the quality of botanical extracts can always be expected to guarantee consistent therapeutic potency of the product

Back 36

False

Front 37

Which of the following, if any, is not true regarding fingerprint chromatograms?

A. Can characterize the presence and relative amounts of several herb components

B. Can be used to compare batches of the same product for quality control

C. Can confirm product identity by comparing products to standard reference samples

D. Utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography

E. All of the above

Back 37

E. All of the above

Front 38

Which of the following, if any, is not an advantage of coated tablets over uncoated tablets?

A. Reduces the cost of the product

B. Masks any unpleasant tastes of active ingredients

C. Allows for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients

D. Extends shelf life Improves ease of swallowing

Back 38

A. Reduces the cost of the product

Front 39

When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken?

Back 39

At least 1 hour before a meal

Front 40

State TWO alternate terms for lozenges?

Back 40

• Pastilles
  
• Troches
  

Front 41

Botanical product labels in the US are allowed to describe the purpose of the product according to which one of the following rules?

Back 41

Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence.

Front 42

Indicate all of the correct statements below regarding the German Commission E.

A. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety

?B. Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them

C. The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today

D. The Commission E monographs are only available in German language editions

Back 42

A. The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety

Front 43

The European Union relies on which agency to update critical information about phytomedicines?

Back 43

European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy

Front 44

T or F: The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does not account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression.

Back 44

False

Front 45

When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a __________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a __________.

Back 45

When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a before & after comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a large placebo effect.

Front 46

What is the latin binomial for garlic?

Back 46

Allium sativa

Front 47

What is the latin binomial for red yeast?

Back 47

Monascus purpureus

Front 48

What is the latin binomial for onion?

Back 48

Allium cepa

Front 49

What specific part of Allium saliva is used in botanical medicine?

Back 49

bulb

Front 50

What specific part of Allium cepa is used in botanical medicine?

Back 50

bulb

Front 51

What specific part of Ginkgo biloba is used in botanical medicine?

Back 51

leaf

Front 52

Which two botanicals have been shown to increase walking distance in subjects with peripheral arterial disease?

Back 52

Allium sativa

Ginkgo biloba

Front 53

Which of the following is true about the relationship of alliin, alliinase, and allicin?

Back 53

Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin

Front 54

Match the garlic preparation with the correct description: garlic powder

Back 54

used in most clinical trials

Front 55

Match the garlic preparation with the correct description: garlic oil, aged garlic

1. fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents
2. steam distillation product subject to enzymatic & thermal breakdown of active constituents
   

Back 55

Garlic Oil: steam distillation product subject to enzymatic & thermal breakdown of active constituents

Aged garlic: fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents

Front 56

Which of the following, if any, is a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies?

A. Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis

B. Lowers blood triglycerides

C. Lowers total blood cholesterol

D. Lowers blood pressure

E. All of the above

Back 56

E. All of the above

Front 57

T or F: According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment.

Back 57

False

Front 58

Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic?

Back 58

• Excessive bleeding tendency
  
• Hypotension
  

Front 59

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol?

Back 59

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

Front 60

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol?

Back 60

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

Front 61

Which of the following is the family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice?

Back 61

Monacolins

Front 62

Which two adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice?

Back 62

• Elevated liver enzymes
  
• Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness
  

Front 63

What are possible side effects of ginkgo biloba?

Back 63

headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions

Front 64

Large amounts of a dangerous toxin are found in which ginkgo preparation?

Back 64

roasted seeds

Front 65

What is the latin binomial for witch hazel?

Back 65

Hamamelis virginiana

Front 66

What is the latin binomial for German chamomile?

Back 66

Matricaria recutita

Front 67

What is the latin binomial for evening primrose?

Back 67

Oenotherae biennis

Front 68

What is the latin binomial for pineapple (bromelain)?

Back 68

Ananas comosus

Front 69

What is the latin binomial for comfrey?

Back 69

Symphytum officinale

Front 70

What is the latin binomial for tea tree oil?

Back 70

Melaleuca alternifolia

Front 71

Which specific part is used in botanical medicine?

Calendulas

Back 71

flower

Front 72

Which specific part is used in botanical medicine?

Arnica

Back 72

flower

Front 73

Which specific part is used in botanical medicine?

Camomile

Back 73

flower

Front 74

Which specific part is used in botanical medicine?

Evening primrose

Back 74

seed oil

Front 75

Which specific part is used in botanical medicine?

Witch hazel

Back 75

leaves, twigs, & bark

Front 76

Which specific part is used in botanical medicine?

Comfrey

Back 76

leaves & root

Front 77

Name the active constituent:

Evening primrose oil

Back 77

gamma-linolenic acid

Front 78

Name the active constituent:

Witch hazel

Back 78

tannins

Front 79

Name the active constituent:

Camomile

Back 79

apigenin

Front 80

Name the active constituent:

Tea tree oil

Back 80

(+)-terpinen-4-ol

Front 81

Name the active constituent:

Camomile

Back 81

alpha-bisabolol

Front 82

Name the active constituent:

Arnica

Back 82

helenalin

Front 83

The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention:

Bromelain

Back 83

post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose & paranasal sinuses

Front 84

The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention:

Aloe vera

Back 84

Psoriasis & genital herpes

Front 85

The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention:

Tea tree oil

Back 85

cutaneous fungal infections

Front 86

The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention:

Witch hazel

Back 86

hemorrhoidal disease

Front 87

The health condition for which it has promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention:

Evening primrose oil

Back 87

atopic eczema

Front 88

Comfrey products should have declared content of what potentially-toxic constituent?

Back 88

unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Front 89

Which botanical medicine may potentiate the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications?

Back 89

Bromelain

Front 90

A German product containing which herb has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers?

Back 90

Chamomile

Front 91

Which preparation of aloe vera is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions?

Back 91

gel

Front 92

An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (marketed in North America as Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is ___________.

Back 92

bromelain

Front 93

Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions?

Back 93

arnica

Front 94

Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics?

Back 94

bromelain

Front 95

What is the latin binomial name?

Devil's claw

Back 95

Harpagophytum procumbens

Front 96

What is the latin binomial name?

Frankincense

Back 96

Boswellia serrata

Front 97

What is the latin binomial name?

Feverfew

Back 97

Tanacetum perthenium

Front 98

What is the latin binomial name?

Butterbur

Back 98

Petasites hybridus

Front 99

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?

Devil's claw

Back 99

tuber

Front 100

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?

Boswellin

Back 100

gum resin

Front 101

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?

Willow

Back 101

bark

Front 102

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?

Peppermint

Back 102

essential oil from leaf

Front 103

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?

Feverfew

Back 103

leaf

Front 104

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine?

Butterbur

Back 104

rhizome

Front 105

What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract?

Feverfew

Back 105

parthenolide

Front 106

What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract?

Cayenne

Back 106

capsaicinoids

Front 107

What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract?

Willow bark

Back 107

salacin

Front 108

What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract?

Devil's claw

Back 108

iridoid glycosides

Front 109

What is the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract?

Butterbur

Back 109

Petadolex

Front 110

Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs?

Back 110

Feverfew & Butterbur

Front 111

Persons sensitive to aspirin should not use which herb?

Back 111

Willow bark

Front 112

Which TWO botanicals have been shown effective against some types of pain when used topically?

Back 112

Capsaicin & Peppermint

Front 113

Which botanical has been shown clinically effective specifically against tension headache?

Back 113

Peppermint

Front 114

For which TWO painful conditions have Devil's claw preparations been studied in controlled trials?

Back 114

Osteoarthritis & Chronic back pain

Front 115

Capsaicin preparations have been studied in controlled trials for treating all of the following painful conditions except one. Which one has NOT been studied?

Back 115

Migraine headache

Front 116

Which botanical has been found more effective as the whole dried herb than as an ethanolic extract?

Back 116

Feverfew

Front 117

For which botanical extract is it important to have a guarantee that it is free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?

Back 117

Butterbur

Front 118

Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles?

Back 118

Feverfew

Front 119

Which part of the plant is used?

Ginkgo biloba

Back 119

leaf only

Front 120

Which part of the plant is used?

St. John's wort

Back 120

leaf & flowers

Front 121

Clinically-proven preparations are alcohol-water extracts:

St. John's wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

Back 121

St. John's wort

Front 122

Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family:

St. John's wort, Gingko biloba, or BOTH

Back 122

BOTH

Front 123

Which constituent of ginkgo must be remove because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?

Back 123

ginkgolic acids

Front 124

On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?

Back 124

flavonoid glycosides & terpene lactones

Front 125

T or F: Since no pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgo extracts have been done, the amount absorbed and bioavailable is unknown.

Back 125

False

Front 126

Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 126

Hypericum perforatum

Front 127

Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 127

Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort)

Front 128

Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 128

Gingko biloba

Front 129

Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF):

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 129

Gingko biloba

Front 130

Reduces "behavioral despair" in animal models:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 130

Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort)

Front 131

Increases skin reponse to the effects of UV radiation:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 131

Hypericum perforatum (SJW)

Front 132

Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 132

Gingko biloba

Front 133

Affects brain waves evaluated by computer-analyzed EEG:

Hypericum perforatum or Gingko biloba

Back 133

Gingko biloba

Front 134

T or F: While ginkgo has been demonstrated to have value in the treatment of dementia, it has never been found helpful for improving cognitive function in non-demented subjects.

Back 134

False

Front 135

T or F: Only St. John's wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found effective in clinical trials

Back 135

False

Front 136

T or F: The placebo effect probaby accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St. John's wort on depression

Back 136

True

Front 137

T orF: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.

Back 137

True

Front 138

T orF: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur withing one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts.

Back 138

False

Front 139

St. John's wort may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs? (choose all of the correct answers)

• Immunosuppressants
  
• Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  
• Anticoagulants
  

Back 139

• ImmunosuppressantsProtease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  

Front 140

What is the Latin binomial name of Kava?

Back 140

Piper methysticum

Front 141

What is the Latin binomial name of Hops?

Back 141

Humulus lupulus

Front 142

What is the Latin binomial name of Lemon balm?

Back 142

Melissa officianlis

Front 143

What is the plant part primarily used in Kava?

Back 143

rhizome

Front 144

What is the plant part primarily used in Valerian?

Back 144

root

Front 145

What is the plant part primarily used in Lavender?

Back 145

flowers only, any gender

Front 146

What is the plant part primarily used in Hops?

Back 146

stobiles (female flowers)

Front 147

What is the plant part primarily used in Lemon balm?

Back 147

leaf

Front 148

What is the plant part primarily used in Passion flower?

Back 148

aerial parts, including fruits

Front 149

What is the active constituent of Valerian?

Back 149

sesquiterpenes

Front 150

What is the active constituent of Lavender?

Back 150

linalyl acetate and cineol

Front 151

What is the active constituent of Kava?

Back 151

pyrones

Front 152

What is the active constituent of Hops?

Back 152

humulone and lupulone

Front 153

What is the active constituent of Lemon balm?

Back 153

geranial, ceral, and rosmarinic acid

Front 154

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy?

Back 154

Lavender

Front 155

Upon which neurotransmitter does valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects?

Back 155

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 156

T or F: Kuhlmann (1999) demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration

Back 156

True

Front 157

T or F: Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use.

Back 157

False

Front 158

According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?

Back 158

Hops & Lemon balm

Front 159

What are the reported side effects of Kava?

Back 159

• Dystonia
  
• Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson's disease
  

Front 160

What is the reported side effect of Lavender (oral use)?

Back 160

Headache, appetite changes, constipation

Front 161

What is the reported side effect of Lavender (topical use)?

Back 161

Breast growth in young boys

Front 162

What is the Latin binomial name of Foxglove?

Back 162

Digitalis purpurea

Front 163

What is the Latin binomial name of Hawthorne?

Back 163

Crataegus monogyna

Front 164

What is the Latin binomial name of Horse chestnuts?

Back 164

Aesculus hippocastanum

Front 165

Which plant part is used with the herb Hawthorne?

Back 165

leaves & flowers

Front 166

Which plant part is used with the herb Rosemary?

Back 166

leaves only

Front 167

Which plant part is used with the herb Horse chestnut?

Back 167

seed

Front 168

What is the active constituent of Hawthorne?

Back 168

flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins

Front 169

What is the active constituent of Coffee & black tea?

Back 169

Methylxanthines

Front 170

What is the active constituent of Hoser chestnut?

Back 170

aescin

Front 171

T or F: A single dose of hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency

Back 171

False

Front 172

Indicate all of the pharmacological effects of hawthorn extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models.

A. Increase in coronary blood flowIncreased amplitude of myocardial contractions

B. Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase

C. Increase in cardiac stroke volume

D. A and B

E. All of the above

Back 172

E. All of the above

Front 173

All but one of the following herbs is a source of digitaloids that are not recommended for phytotherapeutic use due to their pharmacokinetic and other shortcomings. Which one?

Back 173

Foxglove

Front 174

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders?

Back 174

Rosemary

Front 175

Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of ___________, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used.

Back 175

Horse chestnut

Front 176

What is the Latin binomial for Turmeric?

Back 176

Curcuma longa

Front 177

What is the Latin binomial for Dandelion?

Back 177

Taraxacum officinalis

Front 178

What is the Latin binomial for Licorice?

Back 178

Glycyrrhyza glabra

Front 179

Which plant part is used for Artichoke?

Latin binomial

Back 179

Leaves only

Cynara scolymus

Front 180

Which plant part is used for Ginger?

Back 180

Rhizome only

Front 181

Which plant part is used for Chamomile?

Back 181

Flowers

Front 182

What is the active constituent of Peppermint?

Back 182

Menthol

Front 183

What is the active constituent of Turmeric?

Back 183

Curcumin

Front 184

What is the active constituent of Artichoke?

Back 184

Cynarin (phenolic acid derivative)

Front 185

**Which mechanism of action is associated with this in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction? Bitter

Back 185

Stimulate gastric secretionsd

Front 186

**Which mechanism of action is associated with this in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction? Cholegogue

Back 186

Promote bile production & emptying of the gallbladder

Front 187

**Which mechanism of action is associated with treatment of digestive tract dysfunction of a Carminative?

Back 187

Relieve bloating & fullness by facilitating gas expulsion

Front 188

Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use: Artichoke

Back 188

Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake

Front 189

Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use: Peppermint oil

Back 189

Irritable bowel syndrome

Front 190

Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use: Licorice

Back 190

Peptic ulcer

Front 191

Which TWO alcoholic beverages use wormwood as an ingredient?

Back 191

Vermouth & absinthe

Front 192

As treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?

A. Chemotherapy

B. Morning sickness

C. Sea sickness

D. Postoperative

Back 192

D. Postoperative

Front 193

T or F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.

Back 193

False

Front 194

Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?

Back 194

Glycyrrhizin

Front 195

Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor?

Back 195

Licorice

Front 196

What is the Latin binomial for Flax?

Back 196

Linum usitatissimum

Front 197

What is the Latin binomial for Wheat?

Back 197

Triticum aestivum

Front 198

What is the Latin binomial forPsyllium?

Back 198

Plantago species

Front 199

What is the Latin binomial forMilk thistle?

Back 199

Silybum marianum

Front 200

What is the mechanism of action:

Psyllium husk

Back 200

Bulk forming laxative

Front 201

What is the mechanism of action:

Sorbitol

Back 201

Osmotic laxative

Front 202

What is the mechanism of action:

Senna pods and leaves

Back 202

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

Front 203

What is the mechanism of action:

Aloe latex

Back 203

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

Front 204

Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition?

Back 204

Acute diarrhea

Front 205

T or F: Consumption of 2 liters per day of tea by healthy subjects for four days resulted in prolonged intestinal transit time.

Back 205

True

Front 206

The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?

Back 206

Pectins

Front 207

According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?

A. Travel-related diarrhea

B. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

C. Nutritionally-related (feeding by garage)

D. Infectious diarrhea

Back 207

D. Infectious diarrhea

Front 208

Which botanical is a potential source of hydrogen cyanide, but was shown not to raise blood cyanide levels in healthy subjects consuming moderate amounts over a 4-week period?

Back 208

Flaxseed

Front 209

T or F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles.

Back 209

False

Front 210

Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.

Back 210

Anthranoid-containing herbs

Front 211

Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?

Back 211

Cascara & aloe

Front 212

Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, or licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of ___________.

Back 212

Potassium

Front 213

T or F: While human trials of patients with cirrhosis of the liver have found silymarin treatment provides supportive benefits, improved survival rates have never been demonstrated.

Back 213

False

Front 214

What part of the milk thistle plant is the typical source from which silymarin is extracted?

Back 214

Seed

Front 215

What is the Latin binomial for Saw palmetto?

Back 215

Serenoa repens

Front 216

What is the Latin binomial forNettle?

Back 216

Urtica dioica

Front 217

What is the Latin binomial forPygeum?

Back 217

Prunus africana

Front 218

What is the Latin binomial forChasteberry?

Back 218

Vitex agnus-castus

Front 219

What is the Latin binomial forBlack cohosh?

Back 219

Cimicifuga racemosa

Front 220

Which plant part is used in Saw palmetto?

Back 220

Fruit

Front 221

Which plant part is used in Chasteberry?

Back 221

Fruit

Front 222

Which plant part is used in Nettle?

Back 222

Root and/or rhizome

Front 223

Which plant part is used in Black cohosh?

Back 223

Root and/or rhizome

Front 224

Which plant part is used in Pygeum?

Back 224

Bark

Front 225

What are the active constituents of Saw palmetto?

Back 225

Fatty acids & sterols

Front 226

What are the active constituents of Pygeum?

Back 226

Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, & ferulic acid esters

Front 227

What are the active constituents of Black cohosh?

Back 227

Triterpene glycosides

Front 228

Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies?

Back 228

Saw palmetto

Front 229

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts?

Back 229

Inhibit prostatic aromatase

Front 230

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been identified for nettle extracts. Which one is NOT a mechanism for nettle extracts?

A. Reduce blood prolactin levels

B. Anti-inflammatory effects

C. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme

D. Inhibit prostatic aromatase

Back 230

A. Reduced blood prolactin levels

Front 231

Two of the following mechanisms have been demonstrated for pygeum extracts, one has not. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for pygeum extracts?

A. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme

B. Inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity

C. Interactions with sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

Back 231

C. Interactions with sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

Front 232

The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?

Back 232

Prolactin

Front 233

Which of the following is TRUE?

A. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson's disease medications, should avoid using chaste berry.

B. Blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh

C. Saw palmetto appears to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels

Back 233

A. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson's disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.

Front 234

Which of the following best describes the assumption regarding the anti-stress function of herbs such as the ginseng?

A. Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response.

B. Expands both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response.

C. Delays or prevents both the adaptation phase and the exhaustion phase of the stress response.

D. Expands the exhaustion phase while delaying or preventing the adaptation phase of the stress response.

Back 234

A. Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response.

Front 235

What is the Latin binomial for Siberian ginseng?

Back 235

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Front 236

What is the Latin binomial for American ginseng?

Back 236

Panax quinquefolius

Front 237

What is the Latin binomial for Ashwagandha?

Back 237

Withnia somnifera

Front 238

What is the Latin binomial for Gotu kola?

Back 238

Centella asiatica

Front 239

What is the Latin binomial for Goldenseal?

Back 239

Hydrastis canadensis

Front 240

Which plant part is used in Ginseng and Eleuthero?

Back 240

Root

Front 241

Which plant part is used inAshwagandha, Rhodiola, and Astragalus?

Back 241

Root

Front 242

Which plant part is used inGotu kola?

Back 242

Leaf

Front 243

What are the active constituents inAsian ginseng?

Back 243

Glycosidal saponins

Front 244

What are the active constituents inRhodiola?

Back 244

Rosavins

Front 245

What are the active constituents in Goldenseal?

Back 245

Berberine

Front 246

Which adaptogenic herb was specifically found to have beneficial effects when used by students during a long examination period?

Back 246

Rhodiola

Front 247

Which constituent is apparently not present in expressed juice echinacea products?

Back 247

cicoric acid

Front 248

T or F: Studies such as Dorn (1989), showing that echinacea can shorten the duration of a cold, typically give larger amounts of the preparation when symptoms first appear, followed by a smaller dosage for the remainder of treatment.

Back 248

True

Front 249

According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?

Back 249

Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx

Front 250

All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?

A. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure

B. Lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics

C. Allergic reactions

D. Headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems

Back 250

A. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure

Front 251

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacea if they are allergic to which groups of plants?

Back 251

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies

Front 252

**What is the physiological action of a Diaphoretic ?

Back 252

Induces perspiration

Front 253

**What is the physiological action of an Expectorant?

Back 253

Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions

Front 254

**What is the physiological action of an Anti-tussive?

Back 254

Reduce irritability & stimulation of cough receptors above & below the pharynx

Front 255

**What is the physiological action of a Mucilaginous?

Back 255

Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa

Front 256

What is the Latin binomial of Ivy?

Back 256

Hedera helix

Front 257

What is the Latin binomial of Butterbur?

Back 257

Petasides hybridus

Front 258

Which plant part is used in Ivy?

Back 258

Leaf

Front 259

Which plant part is used inLinden, elder, or meadowsweet?

Back 259

Flower

Front 260

Which plant part is used inEucalyptus?

Back 260

Leaf

Front 261

What is the active constituent of Eucalyptus ?

Back 261

Cineol

Front 262

What is the active constituent of Ivy?

Back 262

Saponins

Front 263

What is the active constituent ofEphedra?

Back 263

Alkaloids

Front 264

Which one of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis?

A. Elder

B. Ivy

C. Linden

D. Meadowseet

Back 264

B. Ivy

Front 265

T or F: Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb.

Back 265

False

Front 266

Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?

A. Butterbur

B. Pine

C. Thyme

D. Eucalyptus

Back 266

A. Butterbur

Front 267

T or F: According to our text, strong preparations of essential oils are contraindicated for use in the facial region of infants and children under 2 years of age

Back 267

True

Front 268

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to butturbur if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?

Back 268

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies