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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Equal Field System
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government owns the land and apportions to farmers; helps with census and tax collection (N. Wei Dyn- 5th century)
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Emperor Sui Wendi
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aka Yang Jian; unified empire using Buddhism; instituted Equal Field System and civil service exams (late 500s)
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Tang Taizong
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aka Li Shimin; second Tang emperor, model of prosperity and peace, established Tang protectorate in Central Asia (mid-600s)
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Silk Road
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overland trade from Europe to China
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Tang Legal Code of 653
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basis of codified Chinese law; extensive penal code, punishments based on relationships, reinforces social hierarchy
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civil service examination system
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instated in 595, merit based, classical liberal education
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Grand Canal
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connecting the Yellow River with the Yangtze (early 600s, Sui Dyn)
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Wu Zetian
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only female emperor (late 600s)
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Chang'an
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the Tang capital, organized and planned, symbol of powerful central control
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cosmopolitan culture
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during Tang Dynasty, interest in and welcome of foreign things
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Tang Xuanzong
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brought down by Prized Consort, allows decentralization, multi-cultural flowering (early 700s)
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regional military governors
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system established by Tang Xuanzong that allowed power to be taken from central command
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Battle of Talas River
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Chinese loss causes C. Asia to be under the influence of Arabs (751)
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Two Tax Policy
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during Tang, delegates tax collection to regional governors, each region is responsible for quote of taxes due to the imperial court
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decline of aristocracy
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As central power collapsed following the Tang dynasty, the urban elite went with it
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nativism
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reactionaries see Chinese problems as the result of foreign influence, barbarians in An Lushan Rebellion
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imperial proscription of Buddhism
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843-5; seen as a foreign idea, suppressed by state; added benefit of increasing taxpayers, bronze in circulation
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Ancient prose style
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emblematic of the desire to return to antiquity; classical ideas of clarity and concision, moral message, after An Lushan reb.
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Han Yu
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"Genealogy of the Way," claimed to the the true heir to Confucian thinking, which is the same as Chinese thinking
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An Lushan Rebellion
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during Tang Xuanzong's reign, led by regional military men
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southward migration
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spurred by wars in North (long collapse of Tang), better agricultural technology (Green Rev, Rice Bowl), strong infrastructure (Grand Canal, better water transport, S. economy strong enough to employ many)
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commercialization
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because of Green Revolution, rice could be sold in market economy, government only controlled a few goods; increasing rural access to markets; leads to first growth of commercially-based cities
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rise of scholar-elite
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Under Song, military under civilian control; need for bigger bureaucracy led to opening of exam system to more people
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Li Keyong
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Turkish general, was hired to combat Huang Chao rebellion, but his son founded a conquest dynasty- Later Tang (overthrowing Li Keyong's Later Liang)
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Zhu Wen
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warlord and leader in Huang Chao's army; his surrender was key to repressing the rebellion, founded Later Liang
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Huang Chao rebellion
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878-80- led to dissolution of Tang; agrarian protest and anarchist movement after severe drought, town to town pillaging, ruined Chang-an
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Song Taizu
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aka Zhao Kuangyin; reunited China except the 16 prefectures with strict restraint, weakened military to stop future usurpers (like him), but allowed regional military command (future warlords)
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Sixteen Prefectures
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territory in north, ruled by Khitans, endangering northern border
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"dissolving the militarists' power with a cup of wine"
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Song Taizong
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appeaser, reactive and defensive; huge, crippling, ineffective military; finally, leads disastrous campaigns in north
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Treaty of Shanyuan
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1005- saved China; annual payments and "equality" of leaders, huge psychological blow
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palace examination
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highest civil service exam, administered by emperor
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Ouyang Xiu
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unifying figure, obsessed with antiquity, belief in fixing things through institutions, inspired by Han Yu, decadent personal life, rise through exam system
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Qingli Reforms
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1044- overhaul of exam system, from poetic to practical, strengthen local gov (better salaries, investment in agro, equalizing labor req), create militias and local defense
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Ancient Prose Movement
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1057 Civil Service Exams, reflected more practical nature of exams, Ouyang Xiu
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court factionalism
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forbidded, but necessary in reality- often cause of instability; driven by increased competition for positions, intensified by new emphasis on policy
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Wang Anshi
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reformist, believed new institutions could fix problems, intrusive role of gov
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New Policies
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Green Sprouts (low-int loans to farmers), Mutual Security (domestic defense and surveillance), Three Halls (empire-wide government schools)
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Sima Guang
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anti-reformist, opposed to state intervention, believed need was to restore values to the bureaucracy
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Song Huizong
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post-reform, intellectual not ruler- gives power to Cai Jing, who loses North to barbarians, new policies totally discredited
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Yelu Abaoji
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founder of Liao, leads expansion into China, establishes dual administration (inherent conflict- elected vs. hereditary)
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dual administration
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way to rule nomadic tribes and sedentary Chinese
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Sixteen Prefectures
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ceded 936 to Khitans with no bloodshed
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Wanyan Aguda
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consolidated control of the Jurchen Jin
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Decimal system
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Jurchen military-political organization, based on multiples of 10
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"using barbarians to control barbarians"
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foolproof plan by Chinese
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Calamity of Jingkang
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1127- Jurchen soldiers invade Song capital and kidnap emperor, ending N. Song
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Song Huizong
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artist who neglected military, abdicated for son then both kidnapped
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Treaty of Shaoxing
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1142- S. Song pays annual indemnities, recognizes Jin as father to son
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Great Migration
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enabled Jin to govern vastly more populous Chinese, resettled in land-grant colonies, est. permanent mil presense and acted as administrators
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Prince Hailing
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Jurchen who ruled as Chinese-style emperor, centralized civil and mil decision-making, abolished dual admin
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Genghis Khan
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history's ultimate badass
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Hartwell-Hymes hypothesis
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N. Song- focus on national level
S. Song- focus on local level, officeholding not central to strategies and self-conception |
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Zhu Xi
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rationalist, intellectual leader, developed True Way Learning, new policies- Community Granary, Community Compact, Local Academies (like Wang Anshi but all local, voluntary), institutions could improve society but on local level, concerned with self-cultivation and morality, allowed local elites to gain prominence, saw self as dissident, against centralization
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Chen Liang
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utilitarians, emphasis on practical, gov should be helping people, safety and prosperity; warmonger, deal with reality as is, practical solutions for problems, Song overcentralized
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Liu Jiuyuan
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idealist, School of the Mind, knowing things intuitively, mind is ultimate reality, subjective morality; more important in Ming
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True Way Learning
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Zhu Xi, advocated self-cultivation as means of revitalizing society, gave S. Song elites reason to lead locally
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li
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pattern, principle
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qi
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psychophysical force
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daotong
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Orthodox Transmission of the Way
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Four Books
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Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean
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