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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GMD captured Yanan |
1947 |
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GMD strong point offensive |
1947 Failed |
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Liaoshen campaign |
1948 GMD lost Manchuria |
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Huaihai campaign |
1948-9 CCP control most northern and central provinces |
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Pinjin campaign |
1948-9 CCP capture Beijing |
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1949 |
Declaration of Peoples republic of China Chiang and GMD fled to Taiwan taking statues and money with them |
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Defeated in war with Japan (precourse) |
1895 Formation Hong Kong as GB colony 1899 |
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Workers protests against US anti Chins immigration laws |
1905 Boycott american goods Condemn gov. not doing anything |
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Russo Japanese War |
1904-1905 |
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Death Guangxu and Cixi |
November 1908 |
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Opium wars |
1839-60 |
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Tibet granted independence |
1904 |
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Beliefs Confucianism mandarins Quietism |
Resistance to change Confucianism harmonious life Quietism guidelines and principles status quo acceptance of fate natural order Mandarins dominant class rigid exams civil service |
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Manchu dynasty |
From 12th century Chinese nationalism grew 1800 antimanchu cut off pigtails |
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Mandate Heaven |
Explained change in Confucianism Sanctions change Idea force Rebellion succeed then good meant happen Social discipline totalitarianism |
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Boxers and Red lanterns |
Rebellion anti foreigner thought had powers invincible and flotation on clouds Cixi sort supported as didn't want to get on wrong side them |
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Outside world |
Sinocentric Elaborate tribute system goods seen as gifts from inferiors Self sufficient 1700s-1800s rejected GB offer closer trading links said nothing GB offer offer
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Western imperialism |
1794 McCartney mission inside forbidden city didn't kowtow to emperor sign respect 50 treaty ports subject to western control and concessions |
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Unequal treaties |
After first sino-japanese war tighten hold further series 1890s Tibet taken 1904 declared independence GB Outer Mongolia Russia Open door policy us stop division &unfair agreements |
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Foreign capital and jobs |
Necessary for China as helped economy and though bad conditions low wages own economy nothing better to offer Eagerness work west factories show how bad was |
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Relationship facts on other side foreign devils |
Love hate relationship impressed and students studied in west but detested them for invading country Foreign devils Realised needed copy west get better Gov. Unwilling lead resistance people consider revolution |
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100 days reforms |
1898 Based western models Modifications civil service education industrial organisation Idea get rid critics gov for failing stop west imposing Progressive elements (those wanting China to modernise persuaded Emperor Guangxu reform Reactionaries cixi appealed took over gov stopped reforms many reformers imprisoned executed Lack cohesion between advocates reform |
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Cixi boxer |
Backed Boxers allowed massacres ordered international settlements Beijing be besieged but army didn't support no chance succeeding |
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8 nation alliance |
9 nations contributed mainly Japan easily stopped besieging and crushed Boxers Cixi &Guangxu fled south to Xian humiliation returned 1902 Proof incapable leading people to liberation |
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Cixi last attempt |
Reintro reform had blocked before e.g. Provincial assemblies try get support Constitutional monarchy Reforms cost a lot increase tax |
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PuYi |
2 when came to power with uncle Prince Chun as regent Chun dismissed Yuan shikai commander Beijing army to show power Made look crazy Reforms didn't go far enough not convincing wanted to do them Burden tax entrepreneurial business class lots tax revolts |
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Railway Boom |
1895-1911 International investment rolling stock bring prosperity Railway nationalisation each province own railway could become independent Loans and tax |
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Tongmenghui/guomindang |
Revolutionary ideas 10,000 Chinese emigrants Japan Formed Tokyo 1905 Sun wanted republic in exile lot of time Many students joined Nationalist modernistic |
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Three principles of the people |
Democracy, socialism/people welfare, nationalism |
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Double Tenth |
Bomb accidentally set off lots army think call for revolution over 1/3 part revolutionary groups they mutiny very nationalistic Army officers massacred Army used for revolution |
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Yuan &revoloution |
Places declaring selves independent Wing asked Yuan help said would but held back at Wuhan so reason with revolutionaries didn't want help Wing court who humiliated him Wanted be Emperor himself use military power |
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New republic |
President Sun Yatsen 1/1/12 Yuan got him to step down early Feb PuYi stepped down 12/2/12 as issued with ultimatum |
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Japanese model |
1800s similar position got modernisation Some say because authoritarian and lack change already doomed 1900 |
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Yuan shikai rule |
From 12/2/12 - death 06/16 Never solved any problems |
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Guomindang |
Formed 1912 |
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Large international loans |
Yuan negotiates 1913 Consortium $100 million Pledge future tax revenues |
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WW1 |
Enter August 1917 Japan freer hand intervene China 21 demands Thought get back territories US joined same time urged to said get place post war conference 150,000 volunteer munition factories digging graves maintained 90 miles trenches made stay as labourers after war Delegation refused to accept but no choice |
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Japan attitudes |
Japan take advantage war to invade China claim because German concessions but Japan just get them after war |
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21 Demands |
1915 people didn't want to accept very harsh took lot put some bits almost Japanese control Apparent joint control important areas and in police military etc. Yuan accepted it |
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1916 |
Jan: Yuan becomes Emperor March: renounced the throne as so unpopular June:Death Yuan |
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Qing weaknesses |
Military financial Political Economic Foreign intervention Yuan shikai Reforms Qing themselves Revolutionary ideas and groups |
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Warlord Era |
1916-27 When Yuan die no one else got power as he had made himself only person with power 1916-20 & 1920-7 |
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Second Revoloution |
1913 republicans condemned loans GMD armed resistance failed Sun fled to Japan to reorganise Nov 13 Yuan consolidate authority ed abolished regional assemblies |
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Duan Qirui |
Premier 1916-1920 Following fighting army commanders Beijing tried crush opponents by force central control breaking down Violent street clashes |
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Zhang Xun |
Shandong supported Manchus pigtail general Marched capital June 1917 aim restoring Qing with PuYi |
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Central control |
Fragmented no army to enforce civilain gov. private armies with warlords ruling own rules own areas frequent clashes |
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Feng Guochang |
One Yuan's lieutenants vice president republic Warlord |
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Yan Xishan |
Model Governor Shanxi avoid conflict did deals with CCP and GMD lasted till 1949 Introduced industrial training schemes try improve local quality & range local services |
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Other warlords |
Deng Yuxiang- Christian general Zhang ZongZhang- nadir shandong splitting melons In way GMD warlords Inadvertently strengthen political divisions Guangzhou nationalists and Beijing republicans obliged compromise with powerful warlords get military help |
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Foreign leaders and legal warlords |
Foreign gov. chose warlords with power rather than nominal republican gov. eg Peifu warlord hubei and Hunan over GMD and Zhang Zoulin Beijing |
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Good parts warlords- economic |
Some economic advancement as some modern ideas agriculture & industry
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Zhang Zoulin |
Warlord Manchuria adopted industrial development try stop Japan take over Foreign gov. Liaised with him instead republican gov for Beijing gov. Murdered by Japanese |
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Good parts warlords- political |
Political advances as disunity & distress intensified nationalistic feelings gave radicals direction and purpose |
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Good parts warlords- cultural |
Cultural literacy & intellectual renaissance huge increase writers artists work about national identity & character 4th may movement Brief CCP GMD united front |
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June 1917 |
Failed attempt restore Qing Zhang Zun Join WW1 GMD gov. set up Guangzhou (1920 southern base) |
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Sino Japanese military alliance |
1918 Formalised Japanese superiority |
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4th May Movement |
1919 Sustained resentment Japan & occupiers disillusioned failure 1811 republic annoyed refusal west self determination followed news Treaty Versailles |
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Western Attitudes 1914-1919 |
Japan put pressure China not join war not increase standing UK agreement wouldn't push it till Japan said. First month took German territories inc. Shandong inc. Qingdao port and 21 demands chance reduce to vassal state Japan put pressure China not join war not increase standing UK agreement wouldn't push it till Japan said. First month took German territories inc. Shandong inc. Qingdao port and 21 demands chance reduce to vassal state Japan insured got priority formally over German possessions |
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Reaction to Versailles |
Took to streets vent rage against allies Anti-Japanese boycotts Beijing shanghai in month spread to 20 provinces strikes 100 cities Signed own treaty with Germany 4 years later Prepared ground for CCP and helps GMD |
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Three principles people |
1923 Guangzhou National sovereignty (anti foreign) Democracy national freedom People welfare |
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GMD military |
Realises need have military force Whampoa Military academy set up 1924 prepare GMS for military conquest warlords |
