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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
pastoral nomadism
used in Tibet because most of it is an alpine desert which is too cold and dry for farming
Yaks were raised and herded to find fresh pastures
also used in Mongolia
koine
medium of communication between people of different languages (lingua franca)
mandarin was common koine
Yue
cantonese, 2nd largest language in china after mandarin
hanzi
chinese characters
neolithic revolution
"new stone"
~8000bce
plant cultivation and animal domestication
nomads become sedentary
dominance of agriculture
pottery, specialization, emergence of social elite, tombs
Liqi
ritual object
Dawenkou
site of neolithic tombs
many objects in tomb suggest thoughts about afterlife, ritual items and marked wealth of family
buried head to the east, possible ritual significance
use of jade which is hard to sculpt suggests strong respect for dead
ercengtai
second ledge, ledge inside the dawenkou tombs right above the body where the offerings/sacrifices would go
Sandai 三代
Three Dynasties or Pre-Imperial period
Xia
Shang
Zhou
Shang Dynasty
1600-1045 bce
bronze-age dynasty
oracle bones, ancestor worship, chinese calendar, palaces, temples, altars, wars, chariots,
anyang was last capital
oracle bones
holes bored into bones and heat applied to holes so cracks would form, then the cracks would be read for fortunes, weather predictions, the future, etc.
exclusively for the ruling elite
Di/Shang Di
lord, lord above
most powerful deity in shang pantheon
cant sacrifice to directly, had to get ancestors to inercede with gods on behalf of shang king
only shang king's ancestors can intervene
ancestor worship
by the end of the dynasty ancestors given names based on a 10 day week in order to get the sacrifices right (creation of chinese calender)
ancestors not always on your side
Zhou Dynasty
1045-256 bce
origin in Wei River valley in west, which became their capital
less culturally advanced than Shang
dont eliminate shang ruling family so they can use their ancestors
Mandate of Heaven (Tian ming)
Duke of Zhou
used to put down Shang rebellion
basically said the Zhou could come to power because heaven supported them and they were fulfilling will of Di
mentioned Xia to show that Shang overthrew Xia and thus Zhou overthrew Shang
established new capital then put shang rulers to death
Xia dynasty
really no archaeological evidence of Xia but were mention in Shang texts and the Duke of Zhou's Mandate of Heaven speech
aristrocratic lineages
noble status extended to families who helped with Zhou conquest
at first they were like city-states then became their own aristocratic families who ruled over their own land
Book of Documents
shujing (Zhou)
contains mandate of heaven
contains speeches of major figures and records of events
book of songs
shijing (Zhou)
earliest chinese poetry
some celebratory, some solemn, some ceremonial, etc.
eastern zhou
770-256
time of turmoil and intellectual production
considered classical china
contain "Spring and Autumn" period and "Warring States " period
fall of western zhou
aristocratic family allies with invaders from the northwest
wei river valley invaded and zhou forced to move east to Luoyang
multi-states arise, degradation of king's power
Spring and Autumn period
770-403
warring states
increasing war narrows states down to seven
all rulers adopt title of king
war was for nobles, was elevated to an art
new techniques and increasing length in wars (chariots to infantry to cavalry)
Qin eventually wins out
guo
regional state
zhongguo
central states
referred to old Zhou states
name for China
ba
hegemon
duke of jin/chong'er
tianxia
all under heaven
goal of warring states
shi
man of service
becomes ruling class
register land, etc. do bureaucracy work
responsible to state, paid a salary
not necessarily hereditary and could be removed
ritual propriety
conduct that is in accordance with Ritual
five relationships
1.ruler/subject
2.father/son
3.older/younger brothers
4.husband/wife
5.friend/friend
junzi
noble person, gentleman
mencius
humans basically good
follower of confucius
evil caused by bad circumstances
xunzi
rival of mencius
humans basically evil
order is crucial to tame evil
ritual civilizes humans
han fei zi
student of Xunzi
denied looking to past
argued that we need institutions to get people to act in ways that benefit the state
rewards and punishments
proponent of legalism
Qin dynasty
conquest completed in 221 bce
had control of Wei river valley, sichuan basin
adopted legalism most fully
first empire of china, only lasted until 206 bce
battle between liu bang and xiang yu for new empire
liu bang wins
Shang Yang
chief minister of STATE of Qin
"Book of Lord Shang"
urged rulers to not hesitate to do whatever to strengthen the state
monarch is above law but regulates those below him with laws
Li Si
chancellor of Qin
unified northern walls into great wall of china
publication of the law
standardization of writing, measuring and monetary systems
harsh policies: mututal responsibility, burning of the books, men owe hard labor to state
burning of the books
213 bce
li si
only practical books allowed
book of documents destroyed
kept one copy of every book and burned the rest to monopolize knowledge
Huangdi
emperor/thearch
di = divinizing
emperors visited mountains to proclaim leadership to gods
elaborate building projects in capitals (palaces)
sacrifices to heaven
Han dynasty
establishes in Wei R. Valley 206 bce- 220 ce
half of territory divided into kingdoms while other half under direct control of han emperor
force kings to divide territory by all sons to lessen power
Xiongnu Empire
Qin pushed people of the steppe farther north, causing the banding together of north Xinjiang and mongolia, etc.
they caused problems with han armies due to their cavalries
Chang'an
where Liu Bang made the capital for the Han
Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi)
appointed erudites (experts of various texts) of the five classics
established the Imperial University
probably used confucianism to stake his own independence (appointing ministers loyal only to him)
inner and outer courts
no males could be in the inner court unless they were eunuchs, they were with the emperor from a young age so they were very influential on them
conflict between inner and outer court
taixue
imperial academy
set up by emperor wu of the han
recruited people to study 5 classics for high offices
Dong Zhongshu
"luxuriant gems..."
argued 3 strokes in king were Heaven, Earth and Man and that the line down the middle was the ruler keeping them together
effort to integrate confucian virtues in the heavenly patterns
elaboration of crucial role for Shi as he was a Shi
parallel of Ruler, Minister and People w/ Heaven, Earth and Man
Five Phases
Fire, Water, Earth, Wood, Metal
cyclical phases, not separate elements
Ex: Han was Fire and Qin was wood, fire overcomes wood
correlative cosmology
Qi, Yin-Yang and Five Phases
legalist and laozi components, set up by Huang Di = Huang Lao
Qi
vapor, vital energy
medium through which all things connected
Sima Qian
started Records of the Historian
every conquering regime wrote history of previous regime
Five Classics
Documents
Poetry
Spring and Autumn Annals
Record of Ritual
Classic of Changes (I-Ching)