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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pastoral nomadism
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used in Tibet because most of it is an alpine desert which is too cold and dry for farming
Yaks were raised and herded to find fresh pastures also used in Mongolia |
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koine
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medium of communication between people of different languages (lingua franca)
mandarin was common koine |
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Yue
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cantonese, 2nd largest language in china after mandarin
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hanzi
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chinese characters
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neolithic revolution
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"new stone"
~8000bce plant cultivation and animal domestication nomads become sedentary dominance of agriculture pottery, specialization, emergence of social elite, tombs |
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Liqi
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ritual object
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Dawenkou
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site of neolithic tombs
many objects in tomb suggest thoughts about afterlife, ritual items and marked wealth of family buried head to the east, possible ritual significance use of jade which is hard to sculpt suggests strong respect for dead |
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ercengtai
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second ledge, ledge inside the dawenkou tombs right above the body where the offerings/sacrifices would go
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Sandai 三代
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Three Dynasties or Pre-Imperial period
Xia Shang Zhou |
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Shang Dynasty
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1600-1045 bce
bronze-age dynasty oracle bones, ancestor worship, chinese calendar, palaces, temples, altars, wars, chariots, anyang was last capital |
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oracle bones
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holes bored into bones and heat applied to holes so cracks would form, then the cracks would be read for fortunes, weather predictions, the future, etc.
exclusively for the ruling elite |
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Di/Shang Di
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lord, lord above
most powerful deity in shang pantheon cant sacrifice to directly, had to get ancestors to inercede with gods on behalf of shang king only shang king's ancestors can intervene |
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ancestor worship
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by the end of the dynasty ancestors given names based on a 10 day week in order to get the sacrifices right (creation of chinese calender)
ancestors not always on your side |
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Zhou Dynasty
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1045-256 bce
origin in Wei River valley in west, which became their capital less culturally advanced than Shang dont eliminate shang ruling family so they can use their ancestors |
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Mandate of Heaven (Tian ming)
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Duke of Zhou
used to put down Shang rebellion basically said the Zhou could come to power because heaven supported them and they were fulfilling will of Di mentioned Xia to show that Shang overthrew Xia and thus Zhou overthrew Shang established new capital then put shang rulers to death |
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Xia dynasty
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really no archaeological evidence of Xia but were mention in Shang texts and the Duke of Zhou's Mandate of Heaven speech
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aristrocratic lineages
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noble status extended to families who helped with Zhou conquest
at first they were like city-states then became their own aristocratic families who ruled over their own land |
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Book of Documents
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shujing (Zhou)
contains mandate of heaven contains speeches of major figures and records of events |
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book of songs
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shijing (Zhou)
earliest chinese poetry some celebratory, some solemn, some ceremonial, etc. |
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eastern zhou
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770-256
time of turmoil and intellectual production considered classical china contain "Spring and Autumn" period and "Warring States " period |
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fall of western zhou
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aristocratic family allies with invaders from the northwest
wei river valley invaded and zhou forced to move east to Luoyang multi-states arise, degradation of king's power |
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Spring and Autumn period
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770-403
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warring states
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increasing war narrows states down to seven
all rulers adopt title of king war was for nobles, was elevated to an art new techniques and increasing length in wars (chariots to infantry to cavalry) Qin eventually wins out |
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guo
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regional state
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zhongguo
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central states
referred to old Zhou states name for China |
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ba
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hegemon
duke of jin/chong'er |
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tianxia
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all under heaven
goal of warring states |
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shi
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man of service
becomes ruling class register land, etc. do bureaucracy work responsible to state, paid a salary not necessarily hereditary and could be removed |
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ritual propriety
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conduct that is in accordance with Ritual
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five relationships
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1.ruler/subject
2.father/son 3.older/younger brothers 4.husband/wife 5.friend/friend |
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junzi
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noble person, gentleman
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mencius
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humans basically good
follower of confucius evil caused by bad circumstances |
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xunzi
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rival of mencius
humans basically evil order is crucial to tame evil ritual civilizes humans |
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han fei zi
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student of Xunzi
denied looking to past argued that we need institutions to get people to act in ways that benefit the state rewards and punishments proponent of legalism |
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Qin dynasty
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conquest completed in 221 bce
had control of Wei river valley, sichuan basin adopted legalism most fully first empire of china, only lasted until 206 bce battle between liu bang and xiang yu for new empire liu bang wins |
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Shang Yang
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chief minister of STATE of Qin
"Book of Lord Shang" urged rulers to not hesitate to do whatever to strengthen the state monarch is above law but regulates those below him with laws |
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Li Si
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chancellor of Qin
unified northern walls into great wall of china publication of the law standardization of writing, measuring and monetary systems harsh policies: mututal responsibility, burning of the books, men owe hard labor to state |
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burning of the books
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213 bce
li si only practical books allowed book of documents destroyed kept one copy of every book and burned the rest to monopolize knowledge |
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Huangdi
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emperor/thearch
di = divinizing emperors visited mountains to proclaim leadership to gods elaborate building projects in capitals (palaces) sacrifices to heaven |
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Han dynasty
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establishes in Wei R. Valley 206 bce- 220 ce
half of territory divided into kingdoms while other half under direct control of han emperor force kings to divide territory by all sons to lessen power |
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Xiongnu Empire
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Qin pushed people of the steppe farther north, causing the banding together of north Xinjiang and mongolia, etc.
they caused problems with han armies due to their cavalries |
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Chang'an
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where Liu Bang made the capital for the Han
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Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi)
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appointed erudites (experts of various texts) of the five classics
established the Imperial University probably used confucianism to stake his own independence (appointing ministers loyal only to him) |
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inner and outer courts
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no males could be in the inner court unless they were eunuchs, they were with the emperor from a young age so they were very influential on them
conflict between inner and outer court |
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taixue
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imperial academy
set up by emperor wu of the han recruited people to study 5 classics for high offices |
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Dong Zhongshu
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"luxuriant gems..."
argued 3 strokes in king were Heaven, Earth and Man and that the line down the middle was the ruler keeping them together effort to integrate confucian virtues in the heavenly patterns elaboration of crucial role for Shi as he was a Shi parallel of Ruler, Minister and People w/ Heaven, Earth and Man |
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Five Phases
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Fire, Water, Earth, Wood, Metal
cyclical phases, not separate elements Ex: Han was Fire and Qin was wood, fire overcomes wood |
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correlative cosmology
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Qi, Yin-Yang and Five Phases
legalist and laozi components, set up by Huang Di = Huang Lao |
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Qi
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vapor, vital energy
medium through which all things connected |
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Sima Qian
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started Records of the Historian
every conquering regime wrote history of previous regime |
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Five Classics
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Documents
Poetry Spring and Autumn Annals Record of Ritual Classic of Changes (I-Ching) |