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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of emotion? |
Subjective- Feelings Physiological- changes in heart rate & breathing, facial expressions Cognitive- based on interpretations of events Social- used to communicate and interact with others. |
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What evidence is there that young infants can experience emotions? |
Caregiving: notice joy, sadness, anger, curiosity, etc. Research: facial expressions and physiological measures (heart rate & skin conductance) |
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Do infant emotions differ from adult emotions? |
Yes |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of using facial expressions as indicators of emotional states in newborns and adults? |
Adults and newborns show emotions differently. |
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What are the three main theories of emotional development? (pg. 202-203) |
Theory 1: Theory of Gradual Differentiation- Two global states present at birth- contentment & distress Theory 2: Differential Emotions Theory- Basic emotions are innate and present at birth. Theory 3: Emotions as Ontogentic Adaptations- emotions contribute to infants survival and development. |
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How is emotional expression an important social skill for infants? |
emotional expressions are the only way other than verbal cues such as crying, for babies to communicate with adults and interpret how to react. |
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How do brain processes contribute to emotional development? (pg. 205-206) |
Mirror Neurons play a large role in emotional development. Babies imitate facial actions and movement of others and receive pleasure from being imitated. Imitation establishes connections between babies and others. |
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What are self-conscious emotions? (pg. 226) |
emotions that relate to consciousness of self: embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, envy |
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How do self-conscious emotions differ from primary emotions? |
Primary emotions are simple and direct reactions to events (joy, fear, anger, etc.) whereas self-conscious emotions are a combination of cognition and emotion. |
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What do self-conscious emotions tell us about developmental changes in the child? |
Children have to be able to think and compare themselves to others in order to form self-conscious emotions. |
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What evidence would indicate that a 2-year old has developed a sense of "self"? |
?? |
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What is temperament? |
Temperament traits are early emerging basic dispositions in the domains of activity, affectivity, attention and self-regulation, and these dispositions are the product of complex interactions among genetic, biologic, and environmental factors across time. |
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How is temperament view differently in terms of nature vs. nurture? |
Nature: temperament is pre-determined by genetic components. Nurture: temperament is affected by experiences. |
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What is the general procedure used in Thomas & Chess' New York Longitudinal Study? |
Interviewed 141 mothers and their infants from birth through adulthood. Thomas & Chess noticed differenced between infants with initiated their study. |
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How would you describe a child with a difficult temperament type? |
- Negative mood, Fussy, Spirited. - Slow adaption: uncomfortable with new stimuli. - High motor activity. - Intense reactions: even to small changes. - highly sensitive. |
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How would you describe a child with an easy temperament type? |
- Positive mood. - Fast adaption. - Low-moderate activity: not super active. - Low intensity of reactions: clam to new stimuli. |
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How would you describe a child with a slow-to-warm-up temperament type? |
- Withdrawal. - Slow adaption: uncomfortable with new stimuli. - Low-moderate activity: not super active. - Mild reactions |
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What are the implications of each temperament type? in terms of both the goodness-of-fit model and the differential susceptibility hypothesis? |
"Goodness-to-fit" Model: temperament and caregiving predicts developmental outcomes.
Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis: ?? |
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What are Rothbart's three dimensions of temperament? |
1. Negative Affectivity 2. Extroversion/Surgency 3. Effortful Control |
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How does Rothbart view the relationship between reactivity and self-regulation? |
Reactivity: excitability, responsivity, or arousal Self-Regulation: neural and behavioral processes that regulate reactivity. |
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Does reactivity or self-regulation come first, developmentally? |
??? |
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How has scientific understanding of temperament changed over time? *be sure to consider environmental influences, stability over time and the role of cognition* |
1. the importance of environmental influence. 2. less stable- malleable during early infancy. 3. more overlap between cognition & emotion. |
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What evidence suggest that young infants have a sense of right and wrong? |
??? |
