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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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scientific study of (gene-brain) behavior environment interaction.
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What is development?
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the progressive physical and psychological CHANGES an organism undergoes from conception until death (growth, differentiation, complexity)
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What's child/developmental psychology?
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the branch of psychology devoted to the scientific study of the [gene-brain-] behavior-environment interactions producing the progressive changes that occur from conception until late adolescents
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What is the scientific method and why is it important?
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it is the strategy for understanding the world that involves inquiring info. by making: or collecting data that is objective/quantifiable and occur under well specified conditions. it's important b/c beliefs aren't facts and can be based on bias and the goal is to accurately describe and explain the progressive physical and psychological changes
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What is development a process of?
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brain-gene-behavior environment
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What's Reductionism?
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Analyzing on a smaller scale
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What's antireductionism?
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analyzing at the scale that is most applicable for the area of study
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What's a gene?
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unit of inheritence composed of a sequence of chemical compounds (nucleotides) that specify the structure and production of protein.
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Define Brain.
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Organ of thought composed of neurons. Brain processes interpret/correlate stimulation recieved from the sense organs, initiate motor impulses, and supervise and coordinate the activity of the entire nervous system (breathing, heartrate)
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Define Behavior
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everything that an organism can do; anything a dead person can't do (thinking , feeling, acting)
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Define Environment
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everything that has an effect on an organism.
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What is the difference between developmental phylogenesis and developmental ontogenesis?
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Phylo- species
Onto- Organism Genetic- related to or determined by the origin, development or casual antecedents of something |
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What is a reciprocal interaction? What do they involve? What is the implication for understanding development?
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The child provides the structures of development (brain, body) the environment provides the functions (stimulation, consequences). The chid is changes by the environment and the child changes the environment. This involves child characteristics and environmental characteristics. As a result many factors influence development
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What's non linear
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Development doesn't occur in a straight line.
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What's the first cell division called?
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cleavage
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What's mitosis?
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cell duplication. each new cell recieves an exact body of the original. body cells only.
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How many chromosomes does a nucleus of a body cell contain?
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23
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Know the structure of DNA and the basics of how it replicates.
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DNA: nucleotides+base pairs:
adenine-thymine (A-T) Guanine-cytosine (G-C) DNA unzips itself and and acts as a template for new cytoplasm to join with and make identicals with the originals |
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How do body cells replicate?
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Mitosis
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How do sex cells replicate? How does this contribute to genetic variation?
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Meiosis. Sex cell selection is random, producing new out comes
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Meiosis
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starts with 46 immature sex cells. crossing over occurs, mixing up genetic material
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What are mendelian genetics?
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single cell inheritence
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What's phenotype?
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expressed observable characteristics
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What's genotype?
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Actual genetic make up
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In what part of the cell is the genetic material located?
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the nucleus
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What's recessive gene disorder?
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2 uncommon genes carried by both genes that can produce disorder in children
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Dominant Gene?
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give rise to serious problems disappear from the species except when people have children before they know they ave a disease
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What are sex linked disorders?
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recessive gene on the x chromosome expressed b/c the Y chromosome is only 1/3 as long as & lacks corresponding allele to override X
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What's polygenetic inheritance?
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genetic influence on behavioral/psychological characteristics appears to be the result of many genes in interaction with the environment
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What's the rubberband model?
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Reaction range set by genes, location in range determined, genes play relatively passive role
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Niche picking model?
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genetic influence increases with agegenes influence(passive, evocative, active niche picking), gene actively influence evvironment (environment becomes increasingly passive)
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Bidirectional interactions model?
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genes and environment are always both active.`
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what happens in the zygote, embryonic and fetal stage?
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zygote: cleavage , fertilization/conception, leaves fllopian tubes enter uterine cavity
embryo: primitive heartbeat, brain and spinal chord foreclosing, tadpole like appearance fetal satge: fetus moves, kicks, swallows, can hear moms voice embryonic stage is the worst for teratogens |
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Name and understand important infant reflexes?
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rooting reflex: head turn toward stroke on the cheek, palmar: will grasp when pressure is applied to plam, stepping reflex: will move legs and feet in rhythmic stepping when leaned forward, tonic neck reflex: lie baby on back it will extend arms
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What happens to newborn reflex as they grow?
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they dissappear/become more flexible if not used.
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gross-fine
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principle of developmental direction stating that general unrefined characteristics develop into specific refined characteristics
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cephalo-caudal
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principle of developmental direction stating that development occurs from head to toe.
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What is the blastocyst?
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a hollow sphere of cells formed during development.
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proximo-distal
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principle of development direction stating that things nearer to the center of the body develop faster than things that are more extreme
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What are some common teratogens? What are the range of effects of teratogens and what factors influence their effects?
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Drugs, alcohol intake, cigarette smoke. lower IQ's, low birthweight, physical deformities.
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What is the apgar exam, what it is used for, and what is an expected score for a newborn?
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the apgar exam measures vital functioning in newborns. infants that are healthy should receive a 2.
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reflex
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relationship involving elicitiong of an unconditioned response by an unconditioned stimulus
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Why do newborns visually scan the edges of high contrast objects?
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Newborns only see the general shape and edges of an object.
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Polygenetic
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occurs when a characteristic or behavior s the result of many genes not just one.
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Teratogen
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substances present during prenatal period, such as disease or drugs, that cause physical or psychological abnormalities.
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Sensation
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stimulation of sensory receptors and their connections to neurons traveling to sensory center in the nervous system
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Perception
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organized response to a stimulus. an integrated response to a sensation that results in functional response.
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