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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognition |
activity of knowing, and the mental processes used to acquire knowledge & solve problems |
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cognitive development |
changes that occur in mental skills and abilities over the course of life |
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intelligence according to piaget |
adaptation to environment - achieving cognitive equilibrium - child as a constructivist - schemes |
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Piaget's Theory |
the principal goal of education should be to create men and women who are capable of doing new things; not simply repeating what other generations have done; men and women who are inventive and creative discoverers, who can be critical and not accept everything they are offered |
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cognitive processes |
organization adaptation assimilation accommodation |
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organization -> CP |
rearranging existing schemes into more complex ones |
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adaptation -> CP |
occurs through assimilation and accommodation |
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assimilation -> CP |
interpret new experiences with existing schemes |
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accommodation -> CP |
modify existing schemes to interpret new experiences |
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piaget's stages |
1) sensory motor (birth - 2 years) 2) preoperational (2-7 years) 3) concrete-operational (7-11 years) 4) formal operational (11/12 years and beyond) |
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sensorimotor stage |
sensory inputs and motor capabilities become coordinated milestones: development of imitation development of object permanence |
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six substages of sensorimotor stage |
1. reflex activity2. primary circular reactions3. secondary circular reactions4. coordination of secondary schemes5. tertiary circular reactions6. mental represenations |
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challenges to paiget's view |
piaget underestimated infants abilities, neo-nativism: even infants use symbolism, infants test theories |
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pre-operational stage |
use of symbols increases - preconceptual period: symbolic function, symbolic/pretend play |
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business of play |
play is universal how much play is enough? boys vs girls |
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egocentrism |
three mountains problem - young preoperational children are egocentric, they can not easily assume another persons perspective and often assume that people viewing something from a different area is seeing the same as what they see |
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theory of mind |
children's developing concepts of mental activity our mental states are not always accessible to others |
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concrete operational stage |
more logical thinking about real objects and experiences |
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formal operational stage |
thinking more rational and systematic about abstract concepts and hypothetical events |
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contributions of piaget's theory |
- founded discipline of cognitive development - emphasized children active involvement in development - attempted to explain, not just describe development - inspired research |
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challenges of page's theory |
- no competence/performance distinction - assimilation, accommodation, organization somewhat vague concepts - little role for social and cultural influences |
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neo-piagetian theory |
robbie case is best known neo-piagetian - refined concepts of assimilation and accommodation - processing capacity and biological factors - acknowledged role of experience and culture |
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vygotsky's socioculture perspective |
cognitive development is driven by collaborative dialogues with more knowledgable members of society *language plays a much more important role than in page's theory* |
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sociocultural theory |
evaluate development using 4 levels of analysis 1. ontogenetic development 2. microgenetic development 3. phylogenetic development 4. sociohistoric development |
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zone of proximal development |
difference between what a learner can accomplish alone and with guidance of a skilled partner ex. riding a bike |
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scaffolding |
process of a tutor tailoring support level based on learner's competence |
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multi-store model |
model of the flow of information in thinking - info flows through 3 main stores in the model: sensory store short term store long term store |
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metacognition |
knowledge about one's cognitive abilities |
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executive control |
the processes involved in planning and monitoring what you attend and what you do with this input |
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development of capacity |
as children got older, they were able to remember more digits from their short term |
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changes in processing speed - reasons for improvements |
-increased myelinization of neurons in the associative areas of the brain - pruning of unnecessary neural synapses that could interfere with efficient info processing |
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early strategy deficiencies |
- production deficiencies - utilization deficiencies |
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implicit thinking |
... is unconscious - most infant thoughts are implicit |
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explicit thinking |
... in conscious |
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fuzzy-trace theory |
people encode information on a continuum from verbatim to gist |
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gist |
preserves essential content without precise details - easily accessed - require relatively little effort |
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verbatim traces |
- more susceptible to interference - more easily forgotten |
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development of attention |
- planning attentional strategies - selective attention - cognitive inhibition |
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strategic memory |
conscious effort to retain or retrieve info, includes mnemonics (memory strategies) |
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event memory |
- long term memory for events - autobiographical memories |
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deferred imitation |
infants can store info in long term memory and retrieve the info months later |
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infantile amnesia |
autobiographical memory - emerges around 3-4 years of age |
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suggestibility |
-all ages susceptible to false memories -younger than 8-9 years more suggestible than older children and adults |
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eyewitness memory |
older children remember more details than younger - prompting produces more correct and incorrect facts |
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scripts |
schemes for certain experiences |
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rehearsal |
repeated items over and over |
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organization |
semantically organized lists |
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elaboration |
adding info or creating manning links between pieces of info |
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memory strategies |
- retrieval processes - meta memory - age differences - culture and memory |
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retrieval processes |
- free recall - cued recall |
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metamemory |
- increases between ages 4-12 -relation to memory? |
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reasoning |
is a particular type of problem solving - usually requires making an inference |
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analogical reasoning |
uses something you know to help you understand something you do not know... dog is to puppy as cat is to kitten |
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relational primacy hypothesis |
even the very young understand analogical reasoning |
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mozart effect |
study that claims that listening to mozart music may induce a short term improvement on the performance of certain kinds of mental tasks |
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connectionism |
- an attempt to parallel the neural activity in the brain - parallel distributed processing |
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psychometric approach |
intelligence is a trait or set of traits on which individuals differ |
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fluid intelligence |
free of culture |
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crystallized intelligence |
- acquired knowledge - intelligent learning experience |
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hierarchical models carol's three stratum theory of intelligence |
intelligence consists of: a general ability factor specialized ability factors |
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sternberg's triarchic theory |
context, experience, info processing skills |
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gardner's theory of multiple intelligences |
at least 7 kinds of intelligence -linguistic -spacial - mathematical/logical -musical -bodily/kinesthetic -interpersonal -intrapersonal -naturalist -spiritual |
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stanford-binet intelligence scale |
mental age/chronological age x 100 |
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the wechsler scale |
includes both verbal and non-verbal measures |
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the bayley scales on infant development |
2-30 months - motor scale - mental scale -behavioural record uses a developmental quotient |
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continuity of intellectual performance |
-information processing in infancy relate to later IQ -visual reaction time, habituation, and preference for novelty |
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how stable are IQ scores across childhood? |
scores at age 8 correlate with age 12 many children show fluctuations - increase or decrease; not random - environment important - cumulative deficit hypotheses |
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what do IQ scores predict? |
scholastic achievement vocational outcome health, adjustment, and and satisfaction |
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predictors of academic achievement |
classrooms and class size homework completion parental involvement |
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identical twin IQ |
correlates more than fraternal twins |
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adoption studies |
adopted childrens IQs model biological parents more than adopted parents |
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cultural test bias hypothesis |
language use and measures -culture fair IQ tests |
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motivational factors |
-formal testing situations -examiner of different racial/ethnic group |
