Child Psych

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adaptation

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the tendency to respond to the demands of the environment in ways that meet one's goals

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organization

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the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge

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assimilation

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the process by which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand

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accommodation

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the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences

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equilibration

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the process by which children (or other people) balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

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sensorimotor stage

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the period birth to 2 years within Piaget's theory in which intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities

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preoperational stage

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the period 2-7 within Piaget's theory in which children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought

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concrete operational stage

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the period 7-12 within piagets theory in which children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events

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formal operational stage

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the period 12 years and beyond within piagets theory in which people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations

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object permanence

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the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view

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A-not-B error

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the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was hidden

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deferred imitation

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the repetition of other peoples behavior a substantial time after it originally occurred

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symbolic representation

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the use of one object to stand for another

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egocentrism

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the tendency to perceive the world solely from ones own point of view

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centration

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the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

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conservation concept

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the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties

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task analysis

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the research technique of identifying goals, relevant information in the environment, and potential processing strategies for a problem

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structure

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the basic organization of the cognitive system, including its main components and their characteristics

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processes

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the specific mental activities, such as rules and strategies, that people use to remember and to solve problems

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problem solving

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the process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle

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sensory memory

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the fleeting retention of sights, sounds, and other sensations that have just been experienced

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long-term memory

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info retained on an enduring basis

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working (short term) memory

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a kind of workspace in which info from sensory and longterm memory is brought together, attended to, and processed

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basic processes

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the simplest and most frequently used mental activities

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encoding

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the process of representing in memory information that draws attention or is considered important

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rehearsal

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the process of repeating info over and over to aid memory of it

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selective attention

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the process of intentionally focusing on the info that is most relevant to the current goal

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overlapping waves theories

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an info-processing approach that emphasizes the variability of children's thinking

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core-knowledge theories

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approaches that emphasize the sophistication of infants and young children's thinking in areas that have been important throughout human evolutionary history

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domain specific

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limited to a particular area, such as living things or people

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personification

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generalizing knowledge about people to infer properties of other animals

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sociocultural theories

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approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute to children's development

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guided participation

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a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn

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cultural tools

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the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking

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private speech

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the second phase of vgotskys internalization of thought process, in which children develop their self regulation and problem solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do

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inter subjectivity

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the mutual understand that people share during communication

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joint attention

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a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment

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social scaffolding

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a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a high level than chidden could manage on their own