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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Cognitive Theory? |
The cognitive theory, proposed by Jean Piaget, is the idea that a child has to understand a concept before s/he can use the language that can express that concept. It is the idea that language is just one aspect of a child's overall intellectual development.
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What is an example of Cognitive Theory?
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Seriation is an example of Cognitive theory. At some point in a child's intellectual development they'll be able to compare objects to size. Piaget suggested that a child that had not reached this stage wouldn't be able to learn and use adjectives like "bigger, smaller".
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What are the limitations of the Cognitive Theory?
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As a child gets older there is less data that shows a clear link between language and intellect.
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What is the Input Theory?
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This theory emphasises the interaction between children and their care-givers. This theory contrasts Chomsky's theory with the use of LASS (Language Acquisition Support System) which is the support that care-givers give to children when they learn language.
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What re the limitations of the Input Theory?
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In some cultures, adults don't adopt special ways to talk to children, which suggests that CDS is useful, but not essential.
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What is the Behaviourism Theory?
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This theory encompasses the idea that children imitate adults. When they say something correct, it is reinforced by getting rewarded or praised. |
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What does the Behaviourism Theory entail?
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Behaviourists carried out experiments on rats and birds and found they could be taught to perform various tasks by rewarding desirable behaviour and punishing or simply not rewarding undesirable behaviour. Skinner suggested that a child will imitate its care-givers and successful attempts are rewarded and reinforced and unsuccessful ones are ignored and forgotten.
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What is the Innateness Theory? |
Chomsky concluded that children are born with a special language-learning mechanism. This means that a child has a natural ability to learn language, which is triggered by hearing speech.
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What is LAD?
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LAD stands for Language Acquisition Device. It is what children are born with to help them learn language. Chomsky said that the LAD contains verb tense concepts (due to universal grammar) and that children will form a hypothesis of how it works. This can create virtuous errors. |
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What is Universal Grammar?
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Universal Grammar is the idea that all human languages share common principles that are stored in the LAD of a child. |
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What are Virtuous Errors.
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A child may form a hypothesis, for example, on tense. They'll notice that most past tense it presented with 'ed' on the end. This can lead to virtuous errors. They have the right idea, but they use the rule wrong. For example, they'll say "buyed" rather than "bought" due to the 'ed' hypothesis.
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What is Categorical Over-extension?
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Extending the meaning of a word to other meanings in the same category. For example, using the word "tiger" when looking at pictures of tigers, lions, leopards...
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What is Categorical Under-extension?
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Under-extending the meaning of a word, so it applies to only certain things in a category. For example, using the word "shoes" when talking about own pair of shoes, but not when talking about any other type of shoe.
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What is Analogical Over-extension?
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Extending the meaning of a word to other meanings because they share similar properties. For example, using the word "cat" when feeling the texture/ stroking a scarf.
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What is mismatch?
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Applying a word to the wrong thing because of it's association with the word's meaning. For example, using the word "cat" when pointing at the door where the cat normally waits.
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What is Critical Period?
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Developmental Milestones - A stage from birth to around age 11, where LAD works to help children learn language.
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What is the Telegraphic Stage?
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Missing out words like preposition "to" and determiner "the". This can be seen when a child is in the 2 word stage.
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What is addition?
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Adding an extra vowel sound to create a CVCV structure. (Horsey, doggie)
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What is deletion?
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Leaving out the last consonant of a word.
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What is reduplication?
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The repetition of particular sounds and structures. (choochoo, weewee)
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What is substitution?
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One sound is swapped for another, easier sound. (Rabbit becomes wabbit, Sing becomes ting)
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What is consonant cluster reduction?
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A word with groups of 2 or more consonants will be reduced to smaller units. (Dai for dry)
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What is deletion of unstressed syllables?
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The removal of an entire unstressed syllable from a word. (Banana becomes nana, Pyjamas becomes jamas)
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What is assimilation?
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A process in which substitution occurs, but the sound changes because of other sounds around it. (4 becomes goggie)
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Describe a case study for the Input Theory.
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Genie was a feral child who was discovered in 1970. She had no interaction from adults until she was 13. After her rescue, she developed a vocabulary of words, but never mastered complex grammatical structures like full sentences.
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What are Aitchison's Stages?
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There are 2 stages that occur during a child's acquisition of vocabulary: Labeling, Packaging and Network Building.
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What is Labeling?
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It is the first stage and involves associating a link between a name and something.
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What is Packaging?
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This is understanding a word's range of meaning. This is when over and under-extension can become part of the development.
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What is Network Building?
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This involves finding and understanding connections between words and their meanings. Aitchison believes that speed of learning language is influenced by both innate abilities and imitation of those around them.
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What is the 'U' Curve?
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The idea of U-shaped learning is found in early childhood cognitive development.
A child will learn how to use a word, for example "spoke". They'll start using "speaked" (virtuous error). Eventually, they'll use "speak" with full understanding. |
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Which theory does the Aitchison's Stages support?
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It supports the Cognitive Theory as it suggests that we need to understand before we move on to the next stage.
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Which theory does the 'U' Curve support?
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It supports the Input, Behaviourism and Innateness Theories. The Behaviourism Theory would explain the 'U'-shaped curve. The Innateness Theory would support the virtuous errors and the Input Theory would support the 'U'-shaped curve.
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What is Halliday's Stages (Pragmatic Development)?
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According to Halliday, we are forced to interact with other people and our environment and so we have 7 different ways to do so. Instrumental (fulfill a need), Regulatory (influence other's behaviour), Interactional (develop social relationships), Personal (express ideas, opinions), Representational (convey facts and info), Heuristic (learn and explore environment), and Imaginative (create imaginary environment).
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Which theory does Halliday's Stages support?
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The Interaction Theory as it shows different ways we interact and the Cognitive Theory as we use it more complexly as we develop.
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What is the WUG Test?
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It entailed Jean Berko showing a child cards of imaginary animals and taught nonsense names for the animals. The researcher allowed the child to answer correctly when the researcher said: "This is a WUG. This is another one. Now, there are 2 ______".
Even young children got the answer correct, even if they hadn't been taught the word. |
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Which Theory supports the WUG Test?
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The Innateness theory as it shows we don't learn the language by memorising, we learn general rules.
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