Chest

Front 1

Chest or thorax

Back 1

is the upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen.

Front 2

3 Sections of the Chest

Back 2

1. bony thorax
2. respiratory system proper
3. mediastinum

Front 3

Name the Bony Thorax

Back 3

are the anteriorly sternum, xiphoid process, 2 clavicles (collarbone), connecting the sternum to the 2 scapulae (shoulder blades), the 12 pairs of ribs circling the thorax and the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.

Front 4

What are the 3 Parts of the Sternum (breastbone)

Back 4

superior protion is the manubrium, the large center portion is the body and the smaller inferior portion is the ziphone process.

Front 5

Name the Topographic Landmarks

Back 5

1. Vertebra promines (C7)
2. Jugular notch (T9-T12)
3. Midthorax
4. Xiphoid tip

Front 6

Name 4 General Division of the Respiratory System

Back 6

1. Pharynx
2. Trachea
3. Bronchi
4. Lungs

Front 7

Diaphragm

Back 7

an important stucture of the respiraroty systeme w/c is a dome shape and the chief muscle of inspiration. Each half of the diaphragm is called hemidiaphragm.

Front 8

Pharynx (upper airway)

Back 8

aka throat. Also referred to as the upper airway or the upper respiratory tract, it that posterior area between the nose and mouth above and the larynx and the esophagus below. A passageway for both food and air.

Front 9

Name the 3 Division of the Parynx

Back 9

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Front 10

Ovula

Back 10

soft palate in the mouth

Front 11

Epiglottis

Back 11

Projects upward behind the tongue and acts a a lid for the slanted opening ot the larynx.

Front 12

Thyroid Cartilage

Back 12

Adam's apple

Front 13

Esophagus

Back 13

is the part of the digestive system that nonnects the pharynx with the stomach.

Front 14

Larynx (Voice Box)

Back 14

is a cagelike, cartilagenious structure approximately 1 1/2 to 2 inches (4-5cm) in length in an adult. Its anterior of the neck suspended from a small bone called the hyoid.

Front 15

Hyoid

Back 15

bone is found in the upper nect jus tbelow the tongue or floor of the mouth. Hyoid is not part of the larynx.

Front 16

Cricoid Cartilage

Back 16

is a ring of cartilage formin ghe inferior and posterior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the first rign of cartilage of the trachea

Front 17

Trachea (Windpipe)

Back 17

it is fiberous muscular tube about 3/4 inch (2 cm) in diameter and 4 1/2inc.(11 cm) long. Approximatele 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage are embedded in its walls. These rigid rings of cartilage re embedded in its walls. Located anterior to the esophagus C7-T4 or T5.

Front 18

Thyroid Gland

Back 18

is a vascular organ located anteriorly in the neck region just below the larynx with its right and left lateral lobes lying on each side and distal to the proximal trachea.

Front 19

Parathyroid Gland

Back 19

are small, rounded glands embedded on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes os the thyroid gland.

Front 20

Thymus Gland

Back 20

is located distal to the thyroid gland.

Front 21

Right Primary Bronchus

Back 21

is wider and shorter than the left bronchus and also more vertical than the left bronchus. itis aobut 2.5 cm long & 1.3 cm diameter. The angle of divergence of tghe right bronchus is only 25 degrees. More likely for food to enter or lodge here.

Front 22

Left Primary Bronchus

Back 22

is smalled in ddiameter thatn the right but about twice as long (5cm). The divergent angle is approx. 37 degrees. Less likely for food to enter.

Front 23

Carina

Back 23

is a specific prominence, or dige of the lowest tracheal catilage as seen t the bottom nd inside portion of the trachea where it divides into right and leftbronchi. Carina is to the left of the midline and the right brochus appears more open that the left w/c clearley demonstrates why particles coming down the trachea are more like to enter the righ bronchus.. Level of T5.

Front 24

Secondary Bronchi

Back 24

Right bronchus devides into 3 secondary bronchi but the left divides into only 2 with each entering individual lobes of the lungs. Right lung contains 3 lobes and the left contains 2 lobes. W/c continues to subdivid into smaller branches called bronchioles that spread to all parts of each lobe. Each small terminal bronchioles terminates in very samll air sacs called alveoli. here oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood through the thin walls of the alveoli.

Front 25

Lungs

Back 25

is made up of 2 large ligh spongy lungs, located on each side of the thoracic cavity. Right lung is made up of 3 lobes, the superior (upper), middle and inferior (lower) lobes, divided by two deep fissures. Left lung has only 2 lobes, the superior (upper)and inferior (lower).

Front 26

Parenchyma

Back 26

elastic substance of the lung. This allow for the brething mechanism responsible for expansion and contractionof the lungs w/c brings oxygen in and removes the carbon dioxide from the blood through the this walls of the alveoli.

Front 27

Pleura

Back 27

each lung is contained in a in delicate double walled sac or memberance.

Front 28

Parietal Pleura

Back 28

outer layer of this plerals sac lines the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm

Front 29

Pulmonary or Visceral Pleura

Back 29

inner layer covering the surface surface of the lungs, also dipping into the fissures between the lobes

Front 30

Pleural Cavity

Back 30

the potential space between the double walled pleura w/c contains a lubricating fluid allowing movement of one or the other during breathing.

Front 31

Pneumothorax

Back 31

air or gas present in this pleural cavity w/c may cause the lungs to collapse

Front 32

Hemothorax

Back 32

accumulation of fluid int eh pleural cavity (pleural effusion)

Front 33

Pericardial Sac

Back 33

double walled w/c surrounds the herd

Front 34

Parts of the Lungs

Back 34

Apex
Carina
Base
Diaphragm
Costophrenic angle
Hilum (Hilus)

Front 35

Mediastinum

Back 35

the medial portion the thoracic cavity between the lung. Includes the 1. thymus gland, 2. heart and great vessels 3. trachea and 4. esophagus.

Front 36

Thymus Gland

Back 36

located behind the upper sternum. It said to be a temporary organ because it is very prominent in an infant and reaches it maximu size of about 40g at puberty then graduall disappear s in the adult. Its function is to resistance of diseases.

Front 37

Pericardial Sac

Back 37

doble walled sac enclosing the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Front 38

Great Vessels

Back 38

in the mediastinum are the inferior and superior vena cava, aorta, and larg epulmonary arterirs and veins

Front 39

Superior Vena Cava

Back 39

is a large vein that returns blood to the heard form the upper half of the body.

Front 40

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 40

is a large vein returning blood from th elower half of the body.

Front 41

Aorta

Back 41

is the largest artery in the body (1-2inch or 2cm in average adult) It carries blood to all parts of the body through its various branches.

Front 42

Name the 3 Parts of Aorta

Back 42

-Ascending Aorta (coming up out of the heart)
-Arch of the Aorta
-Descending Aorta w/c passes through the diaphragm into the abdomen where it becomes the abdominal aorta

Front 43

Hypersthenic

Back 43

paties has a thorax that is very broad and very deep from front to back but is shallow in vertical dimension

Front 44

Asthenic

Back 44

slender patient. In this build the thorax is narrow and width and shallow from front to back but is very long in vertical dimension.

Front 45

Hyposthenic

Back 45

average buildd

Front 46

Atelectasis

Back 46

Condition in which lung is collapsed

Front 47

Bronchiectasis

Back 47

irresible dilation of bronchioles

Front 48

Bronchitis

Back 48

acute or chronic irritation of bronchi

Front 49

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Back 49

Most common form is emphysema

Front 50

Hemoptysis

Back 50

coughing up blood

Front 51

Cystic Fibrosis

Back 51

one of the most common inherited diseases

Front 52

Emppyeman

Back 52

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

Front 53

Pleurisy

Back 53

inflammation of the pleura

Front 54

Pneumothorax

Back 54

accumulation/trapped air in the pleural cavity

Front 55

Pulmonary edema

Back 55

congestive heart failure

Front 56

Tuberculosis

Back 56

contagious disease caused bby an airborne bacterium

Front 57

Silicosis

Back 57

a condition of pneumoconiosis

Front 58

Hypertension

Back 58

high blood pressure

Front 59

Pleural Effusion

Back 59

fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 60

Apnea

Back 60

absence of breath

Front 61

Dyspnea

Back 61

difficulty breathing

Front 62

Reasons for Erect Chest X-ray

Back 62

1. Minimize enlargement and distortion of heard and vessel
2. allows diphragm to move down further
3. show air fluid levels in ches.

Front 63

What is the basic chest projection?

Back 63

PA and LA

Front 64

Pericardium

Back 64

outer, dobule, loose-fitting covering of the heart

Front 65

Myocardium

Back 65

muscular covering of heart

Front 66

Endocardium

Back 66

lining within the heart

Front 67

Embolism

Back 67

moving blood clot

Front 68

Thrombus

Back 68

Stationry blood clot

Front 69

Aorta

Back 69

largest artery in the body

Front 70

Vena Cava

Back 70

largest vein

Front 71

Density

Back 71

the blackness of the film

Front 72

Reasons for Erect Chest

Back 72

1. Minimize enlargement & distortion of heard and vessel.
2. allows diaphragm to move down further
3. show air fluid levels in chest.

Front 73

What are the basic chest projection?

Back 73

PA & LA

Front 74

Name the Bony Thorax

Back 74

sternum
2 clavicles (collarbone)
3 scapula (shoulder blade)
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebra

Front 75

Name parts of the lungs

Back 75

hilum/hilus
apex
base
costhoprenic angle
diaphragm, thymus gland
2 lobes left lung/3lobes right lung

Front 76

Circulatory System

Back 76

Heart, blood vessels and supporting structures

Front 77

Name the four changers of the heart.

Back 77

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Front 78

Routine Chest:PA&Left lateral
Inspiration

Back 78

1. Diaphragm does down on inspiration
2. Greaters area of lungs are seen:
*72 inch (183cm FFD, SID,TFD)
to decreasemagnafication of the heart
*14x17 cassette for adults
*top of cassette 2"-3" above the shoulders (acromion processes)
*preferrably erect: diaphragm will descend lower
*shortest exposure time possible: to eliminate heart motion.

Front 79

PA Chest X-ray

Back 79

*chin up: to prevent superimposition on the apices
*shoulders forward: to prevent scapular superimposition on the lungs
*PA is takne insted of AP so the heart is not enlarged
*PA with inspiration and expiration to demonstrate excursion(movement) of the diaphragm
*posterior surface of the hnds on the hips
*CR at T-7 or inferior angle of the scapulae
*on the radiograph to check for rotation: spaces between the clavicles and the sternum must be equal or there is rotation
*good PA: must see 10 posterior ribs above the diaphragm.

Front 80

Lateral Position

Back 80

*arms up over the head
*to check for rotation on the lateral: posterior ribs should be superimposed to show no rotation
*right hemidiaphragm higher on the radiograph

Front 81

A.P. Lordotic

Back 81

*to see apices free from superimpostion with the clavicles

*patients leans back nd the CR goes through the chest at sternal angle

*also taken for interlobar effusions

Front 82

Obliques

Back 82

*normally 45 degrees rotation (sometimes LAO is taken at 60 degree rotation)

*an LAO shows the same anatomy as an RPO

*an RAO shows the same anatomy as an LPO

*shows the heart shadows

Front 83

Decubitus

Back 83

*taken to see the r-fluid levels

*patient lies on the fluid side

example: There is questionable fluid on the left side of the chest: Lt lateral decubitus is done

*patients lays on side (or any position) with the x-ray tube horizontal

Front 84

An increase of exposure

Back 84

fluid
asthma
added muscle

Front 85

a decrease of exposure

Back 85

air

Front 86

How to change technique with a change in FFD

Back 86

mAs - distance formula



*double distance (or half distance) 4 times mAs (or 1/4 the mAs)

Front 87

Do chest supine VS. erect in the following cases:

Back 87

Unconscious
Unable to stand,
Dizzy

Front 88

Itis

Back 88

inflamation

Front 89

Cardio

Back 89

heart

Front 90

Carcino

Back 90

cancerous

Front 91

Pneumo

Back 91

lung, air

Front 92

Pathy

Back 92

disease
suffering
feeling

Front 93

Neuro

Back 93

nerve

Front 94

Topographic positioning landmark:

Back 94

-Vertebra Prominens (C7)
-Jugular notch(deep notch by thyroid cartilage
-Midthorax T7
-Xiphoid tip

Front 95

The lungs lobes are separated by:

Back 95

fissures

Front 96

Apex

Back 96

upper tappered end of the lung

Front 97

Base of the lungs

Back 97

lower, expanded, concave part of the lung

Front 98

Costophrenic Angle

Back 98

lower, outer corner of the thoracic cavity where the diaphragm and the ribs meet

Front 99

Respiration

Back 99

process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchange in the body

*physical act between the brain intercostal muscles and the diaphragm