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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Poison
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-A substance that can cause illness or death when it enters our bodies
-Usually as a component of food, drink or air |
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Define Toxin
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-A harmful substance that has a biological orgin
-usually a protein molecule produced by a plant or animal |
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Define LD50
(Lethal Dose) |
The amount that kills exactly half of a large population of animals
Measured by weight of poision /per unit weight of test animal |
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Toxicity is affected by how its administered
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Different forms of administering toxins
-Orally, injection under the skin, directly into abdominal cavity |
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The most powerful poisons and toxins are created by____
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Mother Nature
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Name the deadliest poison made in nature
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Botulitnum toxin
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What is the formal name for TCDD
"Dioxin" |
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
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What was TCDD originally used for
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-Was formed as a by-product in a few industrial processes.
-herbicide used in Vietname and industrial disasters of the 1970's |
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What potency is used to describe TCDD.. How much of it would kill half the population of 2,500 people?
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A teaspoon of TCDD would kill about half of a population of 2,500 people
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What is a humans LD50 of the military nerve gas: sarin, soman, and tabun
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0.01 mg/kg
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Uses for Sodium Cyanide
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-extraction of gold from ores and the electroplating of metals
-pest control |
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How much less toxid is Sodium Cyanide compared to those gases used in nerve gases
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1,500 times less toxic
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What are these following toxins?
Muscarine Bufotoxin Strychnine Tubocurarine |
Muscarine-deadly mushroom
Bufotoxin-venom of common toad Strychnine-seeds of austrailian trees-used as rat poison Tubocurarine-toxin of a plant used as arrow poision |
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Define Safety in terms of William Lowrance (organic chemist)
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Safety is the acceptability of risk
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Results of Tetratogen
example: |
a substance that produces severe birth defects
Thalidomide-sleeping pill for pregnant women |
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FDA's role in various chemicals
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decides what chemicals are safe enough to be used as additives in commercial foods and what quantities to use
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EPA-Environmental Protection Agency
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Regulates chemical pesticides among other matters affecting the environment
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OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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Concerned with exposure to chemicals in the workplaces
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BATF-Bureua of Alcohol, Tabacco and Firearms
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Division of department of treasury that has jurisdiction over the chemicals of beer, wine, liquor and tobacco
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USPHS-U.S. public Health service
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invesitagates outbreaks of ilness due to food spoilage
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Regulations of the FDA
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Permits no more than 1/100 of 1% of this no-effect level in commercially prepared foods
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What is the GRAS list?
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A list of food additives judged by a panel of experts to be generally regarded as safe
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What is Saccharin?
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a nonnutritive sweetener about 500 times as sweet as sucrose.
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Carciogenic
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any substance directly involved in cancer
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Annually how much plastic is produced by the U.S. chemical industry?
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37 million
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Define Plastic
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a material capable of being shapedinto virtually any form
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Define polymer
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a molecule of very high molecular weight formed by the repeated chemical linging of a great many simpler, smaller molecules
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Define Monomer
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are the structures that are linked to form a polymer
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Examples of Polymers
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cellulose, cotton, DNA, starch, protein and wool
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Define Macromolecule
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A very large molecule
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How to classify a polymer according to the # and kinds of monomers that compromise it
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Homopolymers: are made from one monomer & consist of chains which each link is identical to each other (gay)
Copolymers:consister of chains composed of two or more different kinds of links |
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2 examples of Homopolymers and 2 examples of Copolymers
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Homo:cellulose and starch
Copo:protein and DNA |
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Define Polymerization
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reaction by which the small monomer molecules join together to join together to form a polymer molecule
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Examples of condensation polymers:
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DNA, cellulose, starch and proteins
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Example of an addition polymer
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rubber
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Define Addition polymerization and give most common example
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-Which produces addition polymers
-dominates todays chemical economy, 1/2 of all plasitic in U.S. -polyethelyne |
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Condensation Polymerization
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produces condensation polymers
two molecules combine with the formation and loss of another, smaller molecule (water, simple alcohol or acid) |
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Examples of Condensation polymers
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cellulose and starch
proteins nylon dacron |
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Classifying polymer according to physical property:
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Thermoplastics: soften when heated
Thermosets(set in stone):remain rigid when heated |
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Rubber
is a ____poylmer of the ____ |
addition polymer of the diene, isoprene (2-methyl-1,2-butadiene)
contains repeating units of natural rubber contatin double bonds only in the CIS arrangment |
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Gutta percha
What is it? |
Covering used for golfballs
Polyisoprene with all double bonds in the trans arrangment |
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Who discovered that mixing sulfur and natural rubber would greatly improve its properties?
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Charles Goodyear
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What is Vulcanization
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cross-linking rubber with sulfur
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What are most tires made of?
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25% copolymer of styrene
75% butadiene |
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Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
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-has chains which are branched and randomly orientated and incapable of a organized pattern
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High density Polyethylene (HDPE)
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-unbranched chaines which allign into localized areas with a high degree of cystallinity
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define Nylon Polymers
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condensation polymers with amide linkages much like those in protein
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What is the most common inorganic polymer
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silactates
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What is the first synthetic polymer
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Bakelite-mixture of phenol and fromaldehyde
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Define Cosmetic
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a substance applied directly to the human body to mke it more attractive
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Who regulates cosmetics
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the federal food, drug and cosmetic act
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Many shampoos and toothpastes contain a _______
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Lauryl sulfate-surfactant
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What product in toothpaste produces foarm and deactivate anzymes with tooth decay?
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Sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate
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What is plaque
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-a polysaccharide that sticks to teethand harbors bacteria
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What is hair made of ?
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A protein called keratin which is 14-18% cystine
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The hair strand is composed of a central core (____) and an outer sheath(___)
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central core-the cortex
outer sheath-the cuticle |
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Temp hair dyes are made of __molecule
semi Permanant are ___ molecules |
temp-large
Perm-small |
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Skin is composed of three layers
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Dermis-nerves, blood vessels and sweat glands
Epidermis-cells growing outward from a single layer Stratum corneum: 25 to 30 tiers of dead cells |
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composition of cold cream (%)
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55% mineral oil
19% rose water 13% spermaceti (wax sperm whale) 12% bees wax 1% borax (mineral) |
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What does a vanishing cream do?
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fills in wrinkles and makes them appear to dissapear
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True or false?
Colognes are dilute and less expensive versions of perfume |
True
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Electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light with wavelengths from ____nm to ___nm
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400 to 700
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Infrared radiation wavelengths:
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longer than 700
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Ultraviolet wavelengths
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290-400
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Suncreens
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contain components that can absorb part or all of the UV spectrum and the
sunscreen protection factor (SPF)- is the fraction of UV radiation allowed to pass through |
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What is fake tanning made of/
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chemicals such as dihydroxyacetone- which reacts with amino acids in the skin to form a brown pigment
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