Chemistry Notes From Chapter 1

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The Greek Philosopher Democritus and his followers

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believed that everything was made of solid particles called atoms, too smallto see.

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Plato and Aristotle

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They believed that everything was made of just a few elements: earth, air, fire, and water, mixed in different quantities.

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The alchemist

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also believed that everything was also made of just a few elements:mercury, sulphur and salt. They believed you could turn a 'base' metal such as lead into gold by adding the right amount of mercury.

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Element

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is any substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances

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Atom

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the smallest part of an element

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Brownian Motion

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is an experiment that shows the existance of particles. You might see brownian motion in a smoke box.

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Dissolves

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to break up or disperse

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Diffusion

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Is the spreading out of one substance throughout another and it is caused by the movement of molecules.

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molecules

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A group of two or more atoms linked together by sharing electrons in a chemical bond.

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ions

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An atom or a group of atoms that has an electric charge. Positive ions are formed by the loss of electrons; negative ions are formed by the gain of electrons.

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scanning electron microscope

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a device in which the specimen is examined point by point directly in a moving electron beam, and electrons reflected by the specimen are used to form a magnefied, three dimensional image on a television screen.

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Solid

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has a definite shape and a definite volume

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Liquid

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It has a definite volume but no definite shape. Its shape depends on the container

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Gas

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Has niether a definite volume nor definite shape. It completely fills its container.

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Melting

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to change from a solid to a liquid.

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Evaporation

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The change of a liquid into a vapor at a temperature below the boiling point. Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid, where molecules with the highest kinetic energy are able to escape. When this happens, the average kinetic energy of the liquid is lowered, and its temperature decreases.

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Boiling

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having reached the boiling point; steaming or bubbling up under the action of heat

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Sublimation

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a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

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Condensing

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to go from a gas to a liquid

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Solution

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what you make when you dissolve the solute in the solvent

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Suspension

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an insoluble solid(powder) which is finely dispersed within a liquid.

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Aqueous Solution

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when water is the solvent

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Sediment

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the matter that settles to the bottem of a liquid

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Solute

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the stuff you are dissolving

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Solvent

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The liquid you use to dissolve something in

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Insoluble

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If a solute does not dissolve in a solvent

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Soluble

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If a solute dissolves in a solvent

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Immiscible

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One liquid dissolving in another

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Miscible

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Capable of being mixed

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Saturated Solution

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is one that can be dissolved no more at that temperature

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Solubility

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The solubility of a solute in water, at a given temperature, is the maximum amount of it that will dissolve in 100 grams of water at that temperature

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Residue

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what is left after filtering

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Filtering

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seperation by filtering the suspension through filter paper

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Centrifuging

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to seperate small amounts of suspension. test tubes of suspension are spun round very fast, so that the solid gets flung to the bottom