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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LLNL Energy Flow Diagram
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Primary components of a steam driven power plant
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Carnot efficiency equation
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Calculate efficiency using the LLNL Energy
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Combustion reaction
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How to calculate octane rating
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What is a nuclear reaction (fission/fusion)
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How does a nuclear reactor differ from a fossil fuel power plant
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Pros/cons of nuclear energy
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Pros:
1. No CO2 emissions 2. Can operate at any time (i.e., solar energy requires daylight, wind energy requires wind) Cons: 1. Expensive setup 2. radioactive waste 3. security concerns 4. only produces electricity |
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Balancing fission reactions
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Mass and Atomic Number
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Primary renewable resources (Pros and cons/Energy balance associated with both
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General structures of each biofuel and their sources
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Forms of Solar Energy
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Energy Summary (slide 38)
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Potential energy
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stored energy/energy of position
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Kinetic energy
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Energy of motion
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy is neither created or destroyed
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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Entropy always increases
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How an electric generator works
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Coal
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Pros:
1. Abundant 2.Distributed throughout the globe Cons: 1.Solid 2.Lower energy content than petroleum 3. More CO2 emission per unit 4. Difficult and dangerous to obtain 5. Environmentally disruptive to obtain and utilize Obtained through mining |
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Natural gas
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Obtained through fracking
Cons: 1.Possible ground water contamination 2. Fracking fluids and products can be carcinogenic 3. Opens many new sites for gas extraction 4. Waste/produced water may overwhelm water treatment facilities |
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Oil
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Obtained through oil refineries
Cons: 1. Oil spills |
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Cracking
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process of breaking down long chain
hydrocarbons into smaller molecules |
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Thermal cracking
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process of breaking down long chain
hydrocarbons into smaller molecules requiring high temperatures |
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Catalytic cracking
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a catalyst reduces the
activation energy required to start the cracking process |
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Octane rating
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higher numbers
indicate less propensity for engine knocking; gasoline with rating = 87 has the same knocking characteristics as 87% isooctane + 13% n-heptane |
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Radioactivity
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The spontaneous emission of radiation
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Wind Energy
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Obtained through wind
Pros: 1. Wind is free 2. No CO2 emissions from operation Cons: 1. Blocks views 2. Wind doesn't blow all the time 3. Transmission losses 4. Energy storage 5. Environmental/ecological (i.e., bird migration) 6. Requires energy and resources to make windmills |
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Solar Energy
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Obtained through the sun
Pros: 1. No shortage of energy 2. Carbon neutral Cons: 1. Sun doesn't shine all the time 2. transmission losses 3. Land usage issues 4. Energy cost of implementation |
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Concentrated Solar (Solar Thermal)
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Use solar radiation to generate steam for turbine to generate electricity
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Photovoltaics
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Directly convert photons into electricity
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Solar fuels
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Generate H2 by splitting water with solar photons
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Alpha decay (α)
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A. 4/2 He
B. Gives off helium atoms with alpha radiation C. Blocked by skin (dangerous ingestion) |
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Beta decay (β)
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A. 0/-1 e
B. Give off electron from the nucleus C. Blocked by Plexiglas and distance |
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Gamma decay (γ)
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A. 0/0 γ
B. Ionizes water C. Leaves behind H2O Radical cation D. Radical + Cation = react with other molecules Pro: Rapidly divides cells susceptible for cancer cells Con: Rapidly divides cells susceptible for healthy cells (bone marrow, skin, etc) |
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Peak Oil
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The concern we are rapidly running out of petroleum worldwide
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