Chemistry Exam 2

Front 1

combustion

Back 1

the chemical process of burning: that is , the rapid combination of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light.

Front 2

potential energy

Back 2

stored energy or the energy of position.

Front 3

kinetic energy

Back 3

energy of motion

Front 4

calorie

Back 4

the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

Front 5

joule

Back 5

a unit of energy equal to 0.239 cal.

Front 6

entropy

Back 6

a measure of how much energy gets dispersed in a given process

Front 7

hydrocarbons

Back 7

compounds that consist only of the elements hydrogen and carbon

Front 8

alkanes

Back 8

hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms

Front 9

distillation

Back 9

a separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected

Front 10

temperature

Back 10

measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules present in a substance

Front 11

heat

Back 11

the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one

Front 12

calorimeter

Back 12

a device used to experimentally measure the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction

Front 13

heat of combustion

Back 13

the quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen

Front 14

exothermic

Back 14

a term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat

Front 15

endothermic

Back 15

the term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

Front 16

bond energy

Back 16

the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond

Front 17

thermal cracking

Back 17

a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller one by heating them into high temperature

Front 18

catalytic cracking

Back 18

a process in which catalysts are used to crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at relatively low temperatures

Front 19

catalytic reforming

Back 19

the atoms within a molecule are rearranged, usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches

Front 20

isomers

Back 20

molecules with the same molecular formula but with different chemical structures and different properties

Front 21

activation energy

Back 21

the energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction

Front 22

biofuels

Back 22

the generic term for renewable fuels derived from plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops or other biological material

Front 23

cellulosic ethanol

Back 23

the ethanol produced from corn stalks, switchgrass, wood chips, and other materials that are non edible by humans

Front 24

electronegativity

Back 24

a measure if the attraction of an atom for an electron in a chemical bond

Front 25

polar covalent bond

Back 25

a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared but rather are closer to the more electronegative atom

Front 26

intramolecular force

Back 26

a force that exists within a molecule

Front 27

hydrogen bond

Back 27

an electrostatic attraction between a H atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (O,N, and F) and neighboring O,N, or F atom, weather in another molecule or in a different part of the same molecule

Front 28

density

Back 28

the mass per unit volume

Front 29

specific heat

Back 29

the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Front 30

potable water

Back 30

water that is safe to drink and to cook with

Front 31

water footprint

Back 31

an estimate of the amount of water required to sustain the consumption of goods and services

Front 32

surface water

Back 32

the fresh water found in lakes, rivers, and streams

Front 33

ground water

Back 33

fresh water found in underground reservoirs also known as aquifers

Front 34

solvent

Back 34

a substance, often a liquid, that is capable of dissolving one or more pure substances