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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define 'atom' |
The smallest particle of an element |
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How does atomic mass increase across the periodic table? |
It increases from left to right (across periods), top to bottom (across groups) |
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What determines the mass of an atom? |
The mass of an atom is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus on an atom |
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What is the symbol used for the atomic number of an atom? |
Z. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom |
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Define; - anions - cations |
Anions are negative ions (atoms that have received electrons in a bond) Cations are positive ions (atoms that have donated/given off electrons in a bond) |
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Define; - Compound - Element |
Compound: A substance composed of two or more atoms that are bonded Element: A substance that can not be broken down; contains only one atom (except for elements such as hydrogen that has two atoms in nature) |
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Define; - Electron - Proton - Neutron |
Electron: A negative charged subatomic particle Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle Neutron: A subatomic particle that has no charge; is neutral |
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Define 'ground state' and 'excited state' |
Ground State: The lowest energy level/orbital. Electrons are stable Excited State: Higher energy level/orbital than the ground state; electrons can be very unstable |
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In which group of the periodic table are classified as 'halogens'? |
Group 7 |
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What is; - electronegativity - electron affinity |
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a bond
Ionization energy: the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom
Electron affinity the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom |
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What is the trend of: - electronegativity - electron affinity - ionization energy in a group? |
Electronegativity, ionization energy and electon affintiy increases from left to right in periods, decreases down a group |
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Define 'ion' |
An atom or molecule that has a net of electric charge due to the gain or loss of electron(s) |
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Define 'Isotope' |
An isotope are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of electrons (they are different forms of the same element!) |
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Define 'thermal conductor' |
A thermal conductor is a material that transmits heat easily eg. metal |
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Define 'insulator' |
A substance that does not allow heat or electric currents through it (opposite of conductor) eg. non-metals |
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What is a metalliod or semi metal? |
They are elements that contain properties of both metals and non-metals. They are in the 'definite step' and close to the non-metals in the periodic table |
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Define the trend of the atomic radii on the periodic table |
The atomic radii decreases from left to right across a period and increases down a group (OPPOSITE OF ELECTRONEGATIVTY TREND) |
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What determines the diameter of an atom? |
The diameter is determined by the number of energy levels or orbitals that electrons are occupying |
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Define orbitals |
Orbitals are regions (energy fields) of space around the nucleus in which electrons are likely to be found |
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Define; - homogeneous solutions - heterogeneous solutions |
Homogeneous: A mixture in which you can only see one phase (substances have dissolved) Heterogeneous: A mixture in which you can still see the different components (insoluble, some have different densities) |
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Define suspension |
Suspension is a solid that forms at the bottom of a mixture (heterogeneous) |
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What are six ways to separate mixtures? (also describe why you would use them) |
1. Decanting (used when mixtures form a suspension eg. sand & water) 2. Separating Funnel (used for mixtures that have different densities) 3. Sorting and sieving (used when substances are big enough to pick out) 4. Filtration (used with filter paper for mixtures that are insoluble) 5. Distillation (has a large contraption to heat and cool different substances such as gases and soluble liquids) 6. Evaporation ( used by heating mixtures that are soluble) sediments |
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What is the liquid collected during filtration? |
It is the filtrate |
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Define; - solute - solvent |
SOLUTE: A substance that is dissolved in another substance SOLVENT: A substance in which the solute dissolves |
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What is a substance that conducts electricity better when its heated? |
A metalliod |
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Symbol of mercury? |
Hg |
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What is the process called when a substance changes directly from a gas to solid? |
DEPOSITION |
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Define 'pure substance' |
A substance that consists of only one type of atom or atoms in a molecule |
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What will conduct only when molten? What is a non-metal that conducts electricity? |
1. Table Salt 2. Graphite |
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Who: 1. Discovered the electron 2. Suggested energy levels 3. Suggested the atomic nucleus 4. Discovered the neutron |
1. JJ Thomspon 2. Neils Bohr 3. Ernest Rutherford 4. J Chadwick |
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What is the structure of eight electrons? |
It is called the octect structure |
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What is the periodic trend of metallic character? |
Decreases across periods, increases down groups (think of metals..) |
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Describe the temp of melting, freezing ans boiling points |
They all have a fixed temp in ahich they change to the next state. |
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The faster the speed of vibration of particles.. |
The higher the temp of the solid |
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The volume of a substance increases when... |
The particles are moving further apart due to increase in temp |
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Define temperature |
The measure of its internal energy |
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Define heat |
Energy in transit due to difference in temp |
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Why do gases exhert force on the walls of a container? |
Since the particles transmit pressure on the walls when they collide with them |
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Why does the boiling point of water remain constant? |
The energy put in is used to break the forces of attraction in the liquid instead of increasing the internal energy. (Which would raise the temp) |
