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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemical
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any substance that has a defined composition
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Chemical Reaction
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when one or more substance changes to produce one or more different substances
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States of Matter
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the physical forms of matter, which are solid, liquid, gas and plasma
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Reactant
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a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
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Product
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a substance that forms a chemical reaction
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Matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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Volume
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a measure of the size of a body or region in three dimensional space
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Mass
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a measure in the amount of matter in an object
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Weight
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A measure of the graitational force exerted on an object its value can change with the location of the object in the universe
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Quantity
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something that has magnitude size or amount
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Unit
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a quantity adopted as a standard of measurement
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Conversion Factor
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a ratio that is derived from the equality of two different units and that can be used to convert from one unit to another
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Physical Property
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a characterisitic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change such as a density, color or hardness
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Density
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the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of a substance; often expressed as grams per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids ans as grams per liter for gases
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Chemical Property
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a property of matter that describes a substance ability to participate in chemical reactions
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Atom
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the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
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Pure Substance
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a sample of matter either a single compound that has definite chemical and physical properties
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Element
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic numbers
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Molecule
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the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance it can consist of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together
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Compound
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a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by the chemical bonds.
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Mixture
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a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
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Homogeneous
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describes something that has a uniform structure or composition throughout
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Heterogeneous
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composed of dissimilar components
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Energy
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the capacity to do work
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Physical change
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a change of matter form one form to another without a change in chemical properties
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Chemical Change
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a change tht occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
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Evaporation
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the change of a substance form a liquid to a gas
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Endothermic
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describes a process in which a system absorbs heat from the environment
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Exothermic
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describes a process in which a system releases heat into the environment
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed form one from another
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Heat
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the energy transferred between objects that is due to the objects motion
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Kinetic Energy
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the energy of an object that us due to the objects motion
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Tempertature
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a measure of how hot or cold something is specifically a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
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Specific Heat
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the quantity of heat required to raise a unit of mass of homogeouus material i K or i degree celsius in a specified way given constant pressure and volume
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Scientific method
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a series of steps followed to slove problems, including collecting dta, formulating a hpothesis testing a hypothesis and starting conclusions
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Hypothesis
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a theory or explanation that is based on observation and that can be tested
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Theory
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an explanation for some phenomena that is based on observation and that can be tested
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Law
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a summary of many experimental results and observations a law that tells how things work
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Law of Conservation of mass
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the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes.
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Accuracy
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a description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured
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Precision
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the exactness of a measurement
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Significant Figure
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a prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done based on the precision of the measurment
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Electron
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a subatomic particle that has a negative electric charge
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Nucleus
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an atoms central region which is made up of protons and neutrons
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Proton
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a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of the atom; the number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number which determines the identity of an element
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neutron
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a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Atomic Number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element
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Mass number
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the sum of the numbers of protons an neutrons of an atom
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Isotopes
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an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the sme element but has different numbers of neutrons
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Orbital
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a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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all of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
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Ground State
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the lowest energy state of quantized system
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Excited Ground State
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a state in which an atom has more energythan it does at is ground state
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Quantum number
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a number that specifies the properties of electrons
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Electron Configuration
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the arrangement of electrons in an atom
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Aufbau Principle
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a principle that states that the structure of each successive element is obtained by adding one proton to the nucleus of the atom and one electron to the lowest-energy orbital that is available
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Hund's rule
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the rule that sttes for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electrons in the minumum possible and these unpaired electrons have the same spin
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Atomic Mass
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the mass of an atom expressed in atomic units
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Mole
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the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the numbers of an atom in 12g of carbon-12
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Molar Mass
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the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance
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Avogrados number
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6.022 x 10^ 23
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Periodic Law
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the law that states the repreating physical and chemical properties of elements change periodically with their atoms number
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Valance Electrons
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an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atoms chemical properties
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Group
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a vertical column of elements in the periodic table elements in group share chemical properties
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Period
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a horizontal row of elements in the periodic law table
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Main-group elements
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an element in the s-block or p-block of the periodic table
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Alkali Metals
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one of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table
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Alkali Metals
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One of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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one of the elements of Group i of the periodic table
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Halogen
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one of the elements of group 7
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Noble Gas
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an unreactive element of Group 18 of the periodic table most stable
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Transitional metal
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one of the metals that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell to bond
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Lanthanide
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a member of the rare earth series of elements, whose atomic numbers range from 58-71
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Actinide
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any of the elements series which have atomic numbers 89 to 103
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Ionization energy
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the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion
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Electron Shielding
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the reduction of the attractive force between a positively charged nucleus and its outermost electrons due to the cancellation of some of the positive charges of the inner electrons
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Bond radius
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half the distance from the center to center of two like atoms that are bonded together
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Electron Negativity
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a measure of the ability that effects the nucleus f an atom
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Nuclear reaction
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a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom
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Superheavy elements
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an element whose atomic number is greater than 106
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Octet rule
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a concept of chemical bonding theory that is based on the assumption that atoms tend to have wither empty valance electrons shells or full valance electrons
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Ion
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an atom gained, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
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Cation
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an ion that has a positive charge
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Anion
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an ion that has a negative charge
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Salt
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an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an acid
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Lattice energy
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the energy associated with with constructing a crystal lattice relative to the energy of all constituentatoms separated by infinite distances
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Crystal Lattice
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the regular pattern in which a crystal is arranged
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Unit cell
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the smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows the three- dimensional pattern of the entire lattice
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Polyatomic Ion
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an ion made of two ore more atoms
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Covalent Bond
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a bond formed when atoms share one or more pair of electrons
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Molecular Bond
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the region of high probability that is occupied by an individual electron as it traces with a wave-like motion in the three dimensional space around one of two or more associate nuclei
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Bond Length
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the distance two bonded atoms at their minumum potential energy; the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
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Bond energy
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the energy required to break the bonds in 1 mol of a chemical compound
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms
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Polar Covalent bond
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a covalent bond in which a shared pair of electrons is held more closely by one of the atoms
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Dipole
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a molecule or part of a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged regions
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Lewis structure
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a stuctural formula in which electrons are represented by dots; dot pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent pairs in covalent bonds
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Unshared Pair
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a nonbonding atom pair of electrons in the valance shell of an atom also called a lone pair
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Single Bond
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a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons
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Double Bond
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a covalent bond in which two atoms share two pair of electron
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Triple Bond
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a covalent bond in which two atoms share three pair of electron
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Resonance Structures
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in chemistry any one of two or more possible configurations of the same compound that have identical geometry but different arrangements of electrons
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Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VESPR)
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a theory that predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valance electrons surrounding an atom repel each other
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