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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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atoms
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submicroscopic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
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molecules
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two or more atoms joined in a specific geometrical arrangement
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chemistry
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the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules
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hypothesis
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a tentative interpretation or explanation of observations
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experiments
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highly controlled procedures designed to generate such observations (tests a hypothesis)
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scientific law
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a brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones
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law of conservation of mass
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in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed
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(scientific) theory
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a model for the way nature is and tries to explain not merely what nature does but why
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scientific method
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an approach to acquiring knowledge about the natural world that begins with observations and leads to the formation of a testable hypotheses
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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substance
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a specific istance of matter
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states
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solid, liquid, gas
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crystalline
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solid matter, atoms or molecules are arranged in patterns with long-range, repeating order
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amorphous
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solid matter, in which case its atoms do not have any long-range order
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composition (of matter)
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the kinds and amounts of substances that compose it
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mixture
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a substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules that can be combined in continuously variable proportions
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element
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a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances
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compound
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a substance composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions
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heterogeneous mixture
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one in which the composition varies from one region to anotehr
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homogeneous mixture
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one with the same composition throughout
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physical changes
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changes that alter only state or apperance, but not the composition
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chemical changes
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changes that alter the composition of matter
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physical property
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one that a substance displays without changing its composition (i.e. odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, boiling point, and density)
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chemical property
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one that a substance displays only by changing its composition via a chemical change (i.e. corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, and toxicity)
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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work
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the action of a force through a distance
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kinetic energy
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the energy associated with its motion
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potential energy
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the energy associated with its position or composition
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thermal energy
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the energy associated with the temperature of an object
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units
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standard quantities used to specify measurements
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SI
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International System of Units, based on the metric system, used by scientists
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prefix multipliers
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change the value of the unit by powers of ten
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derived unit
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a combination of other units
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volume
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a measure of space
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density
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the ratio of its mass to its volume
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intensive property
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one that is independent of the amount of the substance
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extensive property
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one that depends on the amount of the substance
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significant figures (significant digits)
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non-place holding digits, those that aren't simply marking the decimal place
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accuracy
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how close the measured value is to the actual value
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precision
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how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are
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dimensional analysis
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using units as a guide to solving problems
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systematic error
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error that tends toward being either too high or too low
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conversion factor
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a fractional quantity with the units we are converting from on the bottom and the units we are converting to on the top
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