Chemistry Ch.1 Vocab

Front 1

electronic structure

Back 1

the description of how electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom

Front 2

classical mechanics

Back 2

the laws of motion proposed by Newton in the seventeenth century

Front 3

quantum mechanics

Back 3

the description of matter that takes into account the wave-particle duality of mater and the fact that the energy of an object may be changed only in discrete steps

Front 4

spectroscopy

Back 4

the analysis of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by substancesd

Front 5

electromagnetic radiation

Back 5

a wave of oscillating electric and magnetic fields; includes light, x-rays, and _ rays

Front 6

cycles

Back 6

complete reversals or direction away from and back to the initial strength and direction

Front 7

frequency (of radiation)

Back 7

the number of cycles per second

unit: hertz (Hz)

Front 8

amplitude

Back 8

the height of the wave above the center line

Front 9

intensity

Back 9

brightness of the radiation, determined by the square of the amplitude

Front 10

wavelength

Back 10

(lambda _) the peak-to-peak distance

Front 11

visible light

Back 11

electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, with wavelengths ranging from 700nm to 400nm

Front 12

ultraviolet radiation

Back 12

radiation at higher frequency than violet light; wavelength less than 400nm

Front 13

infrared radiation

Back 13

radiation we experience as heat, with a lower frequency and longer wavelength than red light; wavelength greater than 800nm

Front 14

incandescence

Back 14

light emitted by a hot body

Front 15

black body

Back 15

an object that absorbs and emits all frequencies of radiation without favor

Front 16

black-body radiation

Back 16

the radiation emitted at different wavelengths by a heated black body

Front 17

Stefan-Boltzmann law

Back 17

the total intensity of radiation emitted by a heated black body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature

e

Front 18

Wien's law

Back 18

the wavelength corresponding to the maximum in the radiation emitted by a heated black body is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature

e

Front 19

second radiation constant

(c2)

Back 19

the proportionality constant in Wein's law

e

Front 20

ultraviolet catastrophe

Back 20

the classical prediction that any black body at any temperature should emit intense ultraviolet radiation

Front 21

quanta

Back 21

packets of energy

Front 22

Planck's constant

(h)

Back 22

A fundamental constant of nature with the value

e

Front 23

photoelectric effect

Back 23

the ejection of electrons from a metal when its surface is exposed to ultraviolet radiation

Front 24

photons

Back 24

A particle-like packet of electromagnetic radiation. the energy of a photon of frequency v is E=hv

Front 25

work function

Back 25

the energy required to remove an electron from metal

Front 26

diffraction

Back 26

the pattern of high and low intensities generated by an object in the path of a ray of light

the deflection of waves and the resulting interference caused by an object in their path

Front 27

constructive interference

Back 27

interference that results in an increased amplitude of a wave

Front 28

destructive interference

Back 28

interference that results in a reduced amplitude of a wave

Front 29

wave-particle duality

Back 29

the combined wavelike and particle-like character of both radiation and matter

Front 30

linear momentum

Back 30

(p)

the product of mass and velocity

Front 31

de Broglie relation

Back 31

the proposal that every particle has wavelike properties and that its wavelength

e

Front 32

trajectory

Back 32

path on which location and linear momentum are specified at each instant

Front 33

complementarity

Back 33

the impossibility of knowing the position of a particle with arbitrarily great precision if its linear momentum is known precisely

Front 34

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Back 34

e

Front 35

wavefunction

Back 35

e

a solution og the Schrodinger equation; the probability amplitude

Front 36

Born interpretation

Back 36

e

the interpretation of the square of the wavefunction, _, of a particle as the probability density for finding the particle in a region of space

Front 37

probability density (of a particle)

Back 37

A function that, when multiplied by the volume of the region, gives the probability that the particle will be found in that region of space

Front 38

node

Back 38

A point or surface on which and electron will not be found

Front 39

Schrodinger equation

Back 39

An equation for calculating the wavefunction of a particle, especially for an electron in an atom or molecule

e

Front 40

hamiltonian

Back 40

The operator H in the Schrodinger equation,

e

Front 41

particle in a box

Back 41

A particle confined between rigid walls

Front 42

quantum number

Back 42

An integer (sometimes, a half-integer) that labels a wavefunction and specifies the value of a property

Ex. principle quantum number, n.

Front 43

boundary conditions

Back 43

Constraints on the values of the wavefunction iof a particle

Front 44

zero-point energy

Back 44

The lowest possible energy of a system

Front 45

transition

Back 45

A change of quantum state

Front 46

Bohr frequency condition

Back 46

The relation between the change in energy of an atom or molecule and the frequency of radiation emitted or absorbed:

e

Front 47

Balmer series

Back 47

(R)

The constant in the formula for the frequencies of the lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen;

e

Front 48

Lyman series

Back 48

A series of lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen in which the transitions are to orbitals with n = 1

Front 49

principal quantum number

Back 49

(n) The quantum number that specifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom and labels the shells of the atom

Front 50

ground state

Back 50

The state of lowest energy

Front 51

ionization

Back 51

Conversion into ions by the transfer of electrons

Front 52

atomic orbitals

Back 52

A region of space in which there is a high probability of finding and electron in an atom. And s-orbital is a spherical region; a p-orbital has two lobes, on opposite dsides of the nucleus; a d-orbital typically has four lobes, with the nucleus at its center; and f-orbital has a more complicated arrangement of lobes

Front 53

spherical polar coordinates

Back 53

The coordinates of a point expressed in the terms of radius r, the colatitude _, and the azimuth _.

e

Front 54

radial wavefunction

Back 54

(R(r))

The radial part of a wavefunction, particularly the radial component of the wavefunctions of the hydrogen atom; the probability amplitude of and electron as a function of distance from the nucleus

Front 55

angular wavefunction

Back 55

ee

The angular part of a wavefunction, particularly the angular component of the wavefunctions of the hydrogen atom; the probability amplitude of an electron as a function of orientation around the nucleus

Front 56

Bohr radius

Back 56

e

In an early model of the hydrogen atom, the radius of the lowest energy orbit; now a specific combination of fundamental constants

Front 57

orbital angular momentum number

Back 57

(l)

The quantum number that specifies the subshell of a given shell in an atom and determines the shapes of the orbitals in the subshell;

l = 0,1,2,...,n-1

Front 58

subshells

Back 58

All the atomic orbitals of a given shell of an atom that have the same value of the quantum number l.

Front 59

s-orbitals

Back 59

orbitals with l = 0

Front 60

p-orbitals

Back 60

orbitals with l = 1

Front 61

d-orbitals

Back 61

orbitals with l = 2

Front 62

f-orbitals

Back 62

orbitals with l = 3

Front 63

orbital angular momentum

Back 63

a measure of the rate at which the electron circulates round the nucleus

Front 64

degenerate

Back 64

having the same energy

Front 65

s-orbitals

Back 65

orbitals with l = 0

Front 66

p-orbitals

Back 66

orbitals with l = 1

Front 67

d-orbitals

Back 67

orbitals with l = 2

Front 68

f-orbitals

Back 68

orbitals with l = 3

Front 69

orbital angular momentum

Back 69

a measure of the rate at which the electron circulates round the nucleus

Front 70

degenerate

Back 70

having the same energy