Chemistry And Matter

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Chemistry

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Study of:

1. Structure

2. Composition

3. Properties of matter

4. Changes it undergoes

5. Laws and principles governing those changes

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Systematized body of knowledge

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Science

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Step-by-step process of discovery and demonstration

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Scientific method

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Scientific method

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1. Observation

2. Identification of Problem

3. Gathering pertinent data

4. Formulation of Hypotheses

5. Experimentation of Hypotheses

6. Conclusion

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Ways of gathering information

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1. Research

2. Interview

3. Survey

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Educated guess/idea or a probable solution

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Hypothesis

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It validates or modifies hypothesis

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Conclusion

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Testing the hypothesis

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Experimentation

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Central science and the center of life

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Chemistry

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Branches of Chemistry

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1. Physical chemistry

2. Organic chemistry

3. Medicinal chemistry

4. Photochemistry

5. Analytical chemistry

6. Biochemistry

7. Agrochemistry

8. Theoretical chemistry

9. Astrochemistry

10. Nuclear chemistry

11. Inorganic chemistry

12. Cluster chemistry

13. Combinatorial chemistry

14. Geochemistry

15. Green chemistry

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Pompabataniccgg

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Deals with the reaction of the study of most carbon-containing compounds

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Organic chemistry

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The study of all substances not classified as organic, mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon.

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Inorganic chemistry

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The study of the structure of matter, energy, changes, and the laws, principles and theories that govern the transformation of matter and their relations.

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Physical chemistry

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The identification, separation and quantitative determination of the components of different molecules.

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Analytical chemistry

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Specializes in the study of substances and processes occurring in living things.

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Biochemistry

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The use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of compounds.

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Theoretical chemistry

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Deals with the application of chemistry for agricultural production, food processing and environmental remediation.

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Agrochemistry

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Study of composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules founding the stars and in the space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation.

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Astrochemistry

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Study of composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules founding the stars and in the space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation.

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Astrochemistry

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Involves the study of the cluster of branched atoms, intermediate in size between single molecules and bulk solids.

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Cluster chemistry

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Is the chemistry associates with soil, air, and water and of the human impact on natural systems.

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Combinatorial chemistry

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Study of chemical composition and chemical processes associated with the Earth and other planets.

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Geochemistry

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Concerned with the processes and products that eliminate or reduce the use of release of hazardous substances.

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Green chemistry

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Chemistry as it applies to pharmacology and medicine.

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Medicinal chemistry/ Pharmaceutical chemistry

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Is a branch of chemistry associated with nuclear reactions and isotopes.

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Nuclear chemistry

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Is a branch of chemistry concerned with the interaction between light and matters

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Photochemistry

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First to formulate theories about the behavior of matter.

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Greek philosophers

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Where experimental chemistry originated. It is a mystical chemistry devoted to things such as converting common metal into gold.

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Alchemy

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Followers of alchemy

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Alchemists

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First chemical reaction in a controlled manner. It is a mystical force that could transform one substance into another.

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Fire

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Believed that the earth is spherical in shape and rotated an axis once a day. (530 bc)

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Pythagoras

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Defined the inductive method of advancing knowledge.

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Aristotle (384-323 bc)

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Assumed the presence of void in which the unchangeable atoms of the four elements of Empedocles were in continuous random movement. ( 460-370 bc)

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Democritus of Abdera

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Introduced Greek civilizations not only to the old centers of cultute, Egypt and Babylonian, but also to Persia and India.

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Alexander the Great

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Discovered the laws concerning pulleys, levers and floating bodies which in turn gave rise to the concepts of destiny and specific gravity.

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Archimedes

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Whose main work was devoted to describing gaseous behavior and in many respects anticipated the kinetic molecular theory.

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Hero of Alexandria

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Famous foreign scientists

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1. Isaac Newton

2. Marie Curie

3. Robert Boyle

4. Henry Cavendish

5. John Dalton

6. Ernest Rutherford

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Father of modern science.

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Isaac Newton

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Discovered the radioactive elements (Radium and Polonium).

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Marie Curie

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Father of chemistry and the first scientist who gave the first process definition of a chemical element, reaction and chemical analysis.

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Robert Boyle

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He discovered the hydrogen gas and found out that water was composed of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen.

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Henry Cavendish

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Known for the discovery of modern atomic theory.

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John Dalton

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Proposed that atoms are mostly empty with positively charged nucleus.

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Ernest Rutherford

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Filipino Scientists

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1. Julian Banzon

2. Dr. Benjamin Cabrera

3. Paulo Campos

4. Ernesto del Rosario

5. Armando Kapunan

6. Luz Oliveros Belardo

7. Alfredo Santos

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Researched methods of producing alternative fuels.

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Julian Banzon

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Developed innovations in drug treatments against diseases caused by mosquitos and agricultural soil.

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Dr. Benjamin Cabrera

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Built the first radioisotope laboratory in the Philippines

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Paulo Campos

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Best known for his achievements in biotechnology and applied physical chemistry.

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Ernesto del Rosario

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Specialized in environmental chemistry.

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Armando Kapunan

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Researched the phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products.

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Luz Oliveros Belardo

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Noted researcher in the chemistry of natural products.

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Alfredo Santos

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Contributions of chemistry

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1. Medications

2. Soaps

3. Cleaning products

4. Synthetics

5. Vitamins

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Anything that occupies space and has made.

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Matter

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Properties of matter

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1. Chemical properties

2. Physical properties

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Physical properties

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1. Extrinsic/Extensive property

2. Intrinsic/Intensive property

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Properties that can be observed and measured without changing the identity of the substance.

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Physical property

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Properties that can only be observed when there is a chemical change.

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Chemical property

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Are the physical properties of matter which may vary from time to time.

Not the characteristics of the substance itself

Depends on the quantity

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Extrinsic property

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Are the properties of matter w/c are constant

Give the characteristic of the substance its unique identity

Depends on the quality

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Intrinsic property

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Changes of matter

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1. Physical change

2. Chemical change

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Change in physical properties of substance w/o changing its chemical composition. It is one in w/c no new substance is produced.

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Physical change

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Change in the chemical composition and constitution of the substance. The original identity of the substance and its properties are altered.

It is a change in w/c at least one substance changes composition, forming new substances.

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Chemical change

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Classifications of matter

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I. Pure substance

II. Mixture

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The kind of matter possessing definite, fixed and unvarying composition with unique set of properties.

Made up of only one kind of matter.

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Pure substance

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Pure substance

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A. Elements

B. Compounds

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-simplest form of substance that cannot be decomposed by simple chemical means.

-building blocks of matter

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Elements

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Classifications of elements

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1. Metals

2. Non-metals

3. Metalloid

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Elements characterized by their brilliant luster, futility, malleability, and are good conductors.

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Metals

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Possess the characteristics opposite of metals.

Poor conductor, weak and brittle, dull

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Nonmetals

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Elements w/c possesses the characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.

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Metalloid

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Made up of 2 or more atoms of elements that are chemically combined.

Represented by chemical formula

Can be broken down into simpler substance

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Compounds

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Classification of compounds based on chemical bond

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1. Ionic compound

2. Covalent compound

3. Metallic compound

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Formed by a transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Metal and nonmetal

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Ionic compound

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Formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

2 nonmetals

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Covalent compound

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Formed by the interaction between elements

Resulting compound behaves just like ordinary metal

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Metallic compound

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Other kinds of compounds

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1. Organic

2. Inorganic

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Those compounds containing carbon atom in their molecules except oxides of carbon

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Organic

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Those compound containing other elements and a few containing carbon and its salts.

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Inorganic

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Electrical conductivity

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1. Electrolyte compound

2. Non-electrolyte compound

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Types of compounds

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A. Based on chemical bond

B. Absence/Presence of Carbon

C. Electrical conductivity

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Types of inorganic compounds

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1. Acids

2. Bases

3. Salts

4. Oxides

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Acids

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-contain hydrogen, w/c is replaceable by a metal.

-yields hydrogen ions in water solutions

-donates proton

-turns blue litmus turns red

-sour taste

-pH is below 7

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Bases

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-contain a metal with a hydroxyl group

-accepts proton

-soapy/slippery in water solutions

-turns red litmus paper to blue

-bitter taste

- pH is above 7

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Salts

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-formed by the combination of any positive ion except hydrogen and any negative ion except hydroxide ion.

-an electrolyte that yield neither hydroxide not hydrogen from the dissolved molecule.

-pH =7

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Oxides

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-consists of oxygen and metal

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Composed of 2 or more substances that are combined physically.

The properties of the substance remain the same.

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Mixture

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Classifications of mixture

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1. Homogeneous

2. Heterogeneous

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-composed of substances that are uniform in appearance and has the same properties and composition throughout, one phase and one color.

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Homogeneous

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Consists of two or more distinct portions, differing in properties and composition, w/c can be separated mechanically from one another.

2 or more phase

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Heterogeneous

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Other classifications of mixtures

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1. Solution

2. Colloid

3. Suspension

R. Emulsions

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Homogeneous mixture of two or more subsrances, the relative proportions s of w/c may vary continuously within certain limits and molecules of w/c cannot be observed by an optical apparatus.

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Solution

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A heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances in w/c the particles are much larger than solutions but smaller than suspension.

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Colloid

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A heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances in w/c the particles are much larger than colloids and will settle out on standing at the bottom of its container.

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Suspension

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Consists of liquid colloidally suspended in a liquid.

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Emulsions

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Mixtures

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1. Components may be present in any proportions

2. It is prepared with no evidence of any chemical reaction taking place.

3. Components do not lose identity.

4. Components may be separated by mechanical means.

5. Composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

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Compounds

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1. Always have a definite composition by weight.

2. Preparation shows evidence of chemical action taking place.

3. Components can be separated by chemical means.

4. Constituents can be separated by chemical means

5. Composed of two or more substances that are chemically combined.

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Methods of separating mixtures

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1. Filtration

2. Distillation

3. Centrifugation

4. Sedimentation

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Works with particles that are significantly different in size, sand and rock with water.

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Filtration

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Can also be used if two liquids are mixed but have different boiling points.

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Distillation

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Processes rely on densities. Separated constituents by difference in their weights.

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Centrifugation

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It happens when particles of different densities have settled w/I a liquid.

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Sedimentation

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Mass

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Constant at any place.

Refers to the amount of the substance.

When travelled to the moon, the mass of an object will still be the same.

Can never be zero.

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Weight

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Varies, depends on the amount of gravity.

Refers to the downward pull of object towards the center of the earth.

When travelled to the moo, the weight of an object will only be 1/6 of its weight on earth.

Can also be zero.

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General properties of Solids

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1. Rigidity, hardness and mechanical strength

2. Definite size, shape and volume

3. Exerts vapor pressure

4. Sublimation

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General properties of Liquids

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1. Definite volume, indefinite shape, follows the shape of the container

2. Constant boiling points

3. Viscosity

4. Evaporation

5. Vaporation

6. Volatility

7. Surface Tension

8. Density

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General properties of Gases

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1. No definite shape, size, and volume

2. Expands when heated

3. Exerts pressure

4. High compressibility

5. Diffusibility

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General properties of plasma

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1. Uses

○ best electrical conductor

○ consists of ionized gases

2. General methods to produce plasma

○ cascade process

○ thermal ionization process