Chapter 1: Matter And Measurement (Ap Chemistry)

Front 1

Property

Back 1

any characteristic that allows one to recognize a particular type of matter and distinguish it from other types

Front 2

Element

Back 2

a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

Front 3

Atom

Back 3

the smallest representative particle of an element

Front 4

Molecule

Back 4

two or more atoms joined together into a specific shape

Front 5

States of matter

Back 5

solid, liquid, or gas

Front 6

Gas

Back 6

matter that has no fixed shape or volume; it conforms to the volume and shape of its container

Front 7

Solid

Back 7

matter that has a fixed shape and volume; cannot be compressed

Front 8

Liquid

Back 8

matter that has a fixed volume but no fixed shape; it conforms shape of its container and cannot be compressed

Front 9

Pure substance

Back 9

matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not change from sample to sample

Ex: gold (element), water (compound)

Not ex: Wood

Front 10

Compound

Back 10

a substance composed of two or more different elements; has, collectively, unique properties

Front 11

Mixture

Back 11

combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity

Front 12

What element is most abundant in the human body and earth's crust?

Back 12

oxygen

Front 13

What are the elements that largely compose the human body?

Back 13

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

Front 14

Law of definite proportions (Law of constant composition)

Back 14

states that the elemental composition of a pure substance is always the same, regardless of its source

Front 15

What are the substances that make up a mixture called?

Back 15

components

Front 16

Homogeneous mixture (solution)

Back 16

a mixture that is uniform in composition throughout

Ex: salt water, air
Not ex: rock

Front 17

Heterogeneous mixture

Back 17

a mixture that is not uniform in composition throughout

Ex: wood, rock, pizza

Front 18

Physical properties

Back 18

properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance

Ex: freezing point, color, smell

Front 19

Chemical property

Back 19

properties that describe a substance's composition and its reactivity; how the substance reacts or changes into other substances

Ex: flammability, oxidation

Front 20

Intensive properties

Back 20

properties that can be used to identify a substance

Ex: temperature, melting point, density

Front 21

Extensive properties

Back 21

properties of a substance that depend on the quantity of the sample

Ex: mass, volume

Front 22

Physical change

Back 22

a change in appearance, but not in composition

Ex: freezing (change of state)

Front 23

Chemical change (chemical reaction)

Back 23

a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance(s)

Ex: burning, rusting

Front 24

Filtration

Back 24

a mixture is passed through a porous medium to separate its substances

Front 25

Distillation

Back 25

method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture

Ex: boiling a salt-water solution to separate the two compounds

Front 26

SI Units. Give the name of the base unit and abbreviation for each of the following physical quantities:

Mass
Length
Time
Temperature
Amount of substance
Electric current
Luminous intensity

Back 26

mass::kilogram::kg
length::meter::m
time::second::s
temperature::kelvin::K
amt of sub.::mole::mol
electric current::ampere::A
luminous intensity::candela::cd

Front 27

State all of the pefixes of the metric system from G to f (10 total).

Back 27

Giga::G::10^9
Mega::M::10^6
Kilo::k::10^3
Deci::d::10^-1
Centi::c::10^-2
Milli::m::10^-3
Micro::μ::10^-6
Nano::n::10^-9
Pico::p::10^-12
Femto::f::10^-15

Front 28

In what direction does heat flow?

Back 28

From warmer temperatures to cooler temperatures.

Front 29

Where are the boiling point, freezing point, absolute zero, and body temperature for the Kelvin and Celsius scales?

Back 29

Kelvin:
BP-373K, FP-273K, AB0-0K, BT-310K

Celcius:
BP-100°C, FP-0°C, AB0- -273°C, BT-37°C

Front 30

What are the three important volume equivalents and one important density equivalents in chemistry?

Back 30

1 cc = 1 mL
1 cm^3 = 1 mL
1 dm^3 = 1 L

g/cm^3 = g/mL

Front 31

To what ratio is density equal?

Back 31

mass/volume

Front 32

What is the density of water?

Back 32

1.00 g/cm^3

Front 33

What are exact numbers and inexact numebrs?

Back 33

Exact numbers: those whose value are know exactly

Inexact numbers: anytime a measurement is made

Front 34

What are the 3 zero rules of significant figures?

Back 34

1. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant

2. Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant

3. Zeros ate the end of a number are significant only when the number contains a decimal point

Front 35

What are the 2 rules of significant figures in calculations?

Back 35

Multiplication and division: the answer should have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures

Addition and Subtraction: the answer should have the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places