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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The nucleus of an atom is made up of what 2 things? |
Protons and neutrons |
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Electrons protons and neutrons have what relatively charge and relatively mass? |
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What are isotopes? |
Elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes |
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Remember |
Periodic table; charges go as follows by the columns +1 +2 +3 0 -3 -2 -1 0 |
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Atoms with an outer shell of eight electrons have a what? |
Stable electronic structure |
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How can atoms be made to have a stable electronic structure? |
Atoms can be made stable by transferring electrons. This is called ionic bonding. |
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Atoms can have a stable electronic structure by transferring electrons. Whats this called? |
Ionic bonding |
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Metal atoms always lose or gain electron to get a stable electronic structure? And is it positive or negative ion after that? |
Metal atoms always loses an electron to get a stable electronic structure and becomes positive ion |
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Non metal atoms always lose or gain atom to get stable electric structure? And after ionic bonding, does it become negative or positive ion? |
Non metal atoms always gain an electron in ionic bonding to get stable electric structure. They become negative ions |
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If an atom gains electron, a _____ ion forms. |
Negative |
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If an atom loses an electron, a ______ ion forms. |
Positive |
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Tip |
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Positive ions and negative ions are held together by what? |
Attraction |
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Non metals can share electron pairs between atoms. This is known as what? |
Covalent bonding |
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periodic table; Newlands put 56 elements into groups and saw what? |
That every eighth element behaved similarly. This was not accepted for 50 years until other scientists discovered more evidence |
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What did mendeleev do for periodic table? |
Arranged the elements in order in a table..he saw there were gaps in his pattern and predicted new elements would be found so he put gaps |
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What are elements in group 1 properties? |
They act vigorously with water Hydrogen gas is given off Metal reacts with water to form an alkali - the hydroxide of the metal |
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As you go down the group 1 in periodic table, the elements react with water more....? |
More vigorously |
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Atoms of group 1 alkali metals have similar properties. Why? |
They all have one electron in their outer shell |
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The easier it is for an atom of an alkali to lose one electron, the more it is what? |
More reactive it is |
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Alkenes are what? |
Alkene is made of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrogen is always double amount of carbon.
E.g. C2H4 |
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Unsaturated means? |
Has at least one double bond between carbons |
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Whats alkali? |
Is a compound that dissolves to give a solution with pH higher than 7 |
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If electrons are lost, what is the process called? |
Oxidation |
OILRIG |
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If an atom becomes a positive ion, did oxidation or reduction take place? |
Oxidation |
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Using flame test, how do you know if there's lithium in the compound? |
The colour of the flame is red |
What colour of the flame is it? |
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When doing flame test, how do you know if sodium is present in the compound? |
Sodium = colour of flame is yellow |
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If doing flame test, how do you if potassium is present in a compound? |
Potassium = colour of flame is lilac |
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Why do group 7 elements have similar properties? |
Because they all got 7 electrons on outer shell |
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The further the outer shell is to the nucleus, the easier it is for an atom to lose ____ _____. The easier it is to lose the _____, the more reactive the halogen is. (Group 7) |
Further the outer shell is to the nucleus, the easier it is for an atom to lose one electron . The easier it is to lose the electron, the more reactive the halogen is. |
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How are group 7 elements called? |
Halogens |
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Which one is the most reactive element in group 7? |
The ones at top (the reactivity increases as you go up the column in group 7) |
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If the electrons are gained, what process is that? |
Reduction |
OIL RIG |
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If reduction occur, the atom becomes a positive or negative ion? |
Negative ion |
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In Haber process, what is used as catalyst and in what temperature? |
Iron 450°C |
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Haber process makes ____ which is used in fertilisers. |
Haber process makes ammonia which is used in fertilisers |
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Nick is used for what in the manufacture of margarine? |
Harden the oils |
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If a [metal] carbonate is heated it undergoes thermal decomposition to form what? |
A [metal] oxide and carbon dioxide |
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A property can be either physical or chemical. Give example for both. |
Physical - high thermal conductivity of copper Chemical - resistance to attacks by oxygen or acids shown by gold |
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Give physical properties other than the high thermal conductivity of copper. (4) |
- lustrous -.shiny -.malleable - ductile |
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Why do metals have high boiling point and melting point? |
Due to their strong metallic bonds |
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Metallic bonds between atoms in metals are hard to break and what do they require to break? |
A lot of energy |
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When metals conduct electricity, what do electrons do? |
Electrons in the metal move |
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3 metals that are good conductors? |
Silver, copper and gold |
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Remember |
A metabolic bond is a strong ng electrostatic force of attraction between close packed positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons |
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Why do metals conduct electricity ? |
A metal conducts electricity because delocalised electrons within its structure can move easily |
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What are superconductors? |
Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with little or no resistance |
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Example of superconductor? |
Mercury |
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The electrical resistance of mercury suddenly drops to zero at -268.8°C. This phenomenon is called what? |
Superconductivity |
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When a substance goes from it's normal state to a super conducting state, what does it no longer have inside it? |
It no longer has any magnetic fields inside it |
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If a small magnet is brought near the superconductor, what happens ? |
It will be repelled |
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What is repelled ? |
Force pushing you back. E.g. when you put + + magnetics to each other, they repel. |
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If a small permanent magnet is placed above the superconductor, what happens? |
It levitates |
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3 potential benefits of superconductors are what? |
- loss-free power transmission - super-fast electronic circuits - powerful electromagnets |
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Disadvantages of superconductors ? |
They work only at very low temperatures; limits their use Superconductors that function at 20°C need to be developed |
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To turn water into clean water, what process does it need to go through? |
Water purification |
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After water purification treatment, the water can be polluted by what pollutants? (2) |
* fertilisers such as nitrates and pesticides from crop spraying get into the water before water purification and then the water needs go through other treatment to get rid of them * old water pipes made of lead can affect the water |
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What are the three main stages in water purification? |
• sedimentation - chemicals are added to make solid particles and bacteria settle out • filtration of very fine particles - a layer of sand on gravel filters out the remaining fine particles; some types of sand filter also remove microbes • chlorination - chlorine is added to kill microbes |
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Disadvantage of water purification? |
It takes energy to pump and purify which increases global warming |
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Why we don't take sea water to turn into clean water? |
It's expensive as it not only needs to go through water purification but also distillation in order to remove dissolved substances and this takes a huge amount of energy . Only used when there's no water |
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Whats the further water treatment after water purification if there's dissolved substances present? |
Distillation |
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