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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemistry
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The study of matter
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Matter
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Anything that has mass and occupies space
What about air? Yes, it is matter |
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Energy
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- the ability to do work to accomplish some change
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Physical chemistry
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attempts to explain the way matter behaves
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The scientific method
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a systematic approach to the discovery of new information
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Characteristics of the scientific process
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Observation
Formulation of a question Pattern recognition Developing theories Experimentation Summarizing information |
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Properties
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characteristics of matter
chemical vs. physical |
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gas
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- particles widely separated, no definite shape or volume solid, organized
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liquid
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particles closer together, definite volume but no definite shape, disorganized
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solid
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particles are very close together, define shape and definite volume, disorganized
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Physical property
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- is observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance
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Physical change
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produces a recognizable difference in the appearance of a substance without causing any change in its composition or identity
conversion from one physical state to another melting an ice cube |
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Chemical property
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result in a change in composition and can be observed only through a chemical reaction
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Chemical reaction (chemical change)
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a process of rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms to produce new substances
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Classify the following as either a chemical or physical property:
Color Flammability Hardness Odor Taste |
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Classify the following as either a chemical or physical change:
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Boiling water becomes steam
Butter turns rancid Burning of wood Mountain snow pack melting in spring Decay of leaves in winter |
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Intensive properties
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- a property of matter that is independent of the quantity of the substance
Density Specific gravity |
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Extensive properties
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a property of matter that depends on the quantity of the substance
Mass Volume |
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Classification of matter -Pure substance
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a substance that has only one component
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Mixture
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a combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own identity, not undergoing a chemical reaction
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Element
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- a pure substance that cannot be changed into a simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction
ex sodium, hydrogen |
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Compound
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a substance resulting from the combination of two or more elements in a definite, reproducible way, in a fixed ratio ex.salt, water
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Mixture
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a combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own identity
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Homogeneous
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- uniform composition, particles well mixed, thoroughly intermingled
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Heterogeneous
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nonuniform composition, random placement
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Data
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- each piece is an individual result of a single measurement or observation
mass of a sample temperature of a solution |
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Results
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the outcome of the experiment
Data and results may be identical, however usually related data are combined to generate a result |
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Units
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- the basic quantity of mass, volume or whatever quantity is being measured
A measurement is useless without its units |
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English system
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- a collection of functionally unrelated units
Difficult to convert from one unit to another 1 foot = 12 inches = 0.33 yard = 1/5280 miles |
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Metric System
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- composed of a set of units that are related to each other decimally, systematic
Units relate by powers of tens 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters = 1000 millimeters |
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UNIT CONVERSION
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The method used for conversion is called the Factor-Label Method or Dimensional Analysis
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Significant figures
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all digits in a number representing data or results that are known with certainty plus one uncertain digit
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All nonzero digits are significant
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7.314 has four significant digits
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The number of significant digits is independent of the position of the decimal point
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73.14 also has four significant digits
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Zeros located between nonzero digits are significant
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60.052 has five significant digits
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Zeros at the end of a number (trailing zeros) are significant if the number contains a decimal point.
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4.70 has three significant digits
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Trailing zeros are insignificant if the number does not contain a decimal point.
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100 has one significant digit; 100. has three
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Zeros to the left of the first nonzero integer are not significant
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0.0032 has two significant digits
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Error
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the difference between the true value and our estimation
Random Systematic |
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Accuracy
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the degree of agreement between the true value and the measured value
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Precision
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a measure of the agreement of replicate measurements
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