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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrates are produced in plants by __.
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photosynthesis
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Carbohydrates are important sources of __ for animals.
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energy
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Each gram of carbohydrate releases about __ of energy.
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4 Cal (or 4 kilocalories)
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Monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose are simple carbohydrates because they contain a __ sugar unit.
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single
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Disaccharides such as sucrose and lactose consist of 2 monosaccharide units joined through bridging of __ atoms.
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oxygen
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The bridging of oxygen atoms between 2 monosaccharide units is called a __ bond.
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glycosidic
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Monosaccharides such as __ and __ are simple carbohydrates because they contain a single sugar unit.
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glucose and fructose
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Disaccharides such as __ and __ consist of 2 monosaccharide units joined through bridging oxygen atoms; this bridging is a glycosidic bond.
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sucrose and lactose
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Oligosaccharides consist of how many monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds?
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3-10
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Which is the largest and most complex carbohydrate?
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polysaccharide
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Polysaccharides are often __.
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branched
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Name 3 examples of polysaccharides.
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1. starch 2. glycogen 3. cellulose
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Monosaccharides are made of __, __, and __.
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Most monosaccharides have the general formula __.
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(CH20)n (where n=3-7)
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Monosaccharides are named according to their __ __.
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functional groups
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A monosaccharide that has a ketone (C=O carbonyl group) is called __.
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ketose
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If an monosaccharide has an aldehyde, it is an __.
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aldose
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Monosaccharides contain many __ groups.
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hydroxyl (-OH)
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Monosaccharides can also be named by how many __ atoms are in the main skeleton.
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carbon
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A monosaccharide with 3 carbons in the main skeleton is called a __.
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triose
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A monosaccharide with 4 carbons in the main skeleton is called a __.
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tetrose
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A monosaccharide with 5 carbons in the main skeleton is called a __.
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pentose
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A monosaccharide with 6 carbons in the main skeleton is called a __.
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hexose
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The prefixes D and L found in the complete name of a monosaccharide are used to identify which of its 2 possible __ forms is being used.
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isomeric
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The two isomeric forms of a monosaccharide are called __.
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stereoisomers
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Each member of a pair of stereoisomers must be identical in what 2 ways?
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1. molecular formula 2. bonding
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D and L isomers of monosaccharides differ in the __ arrangement of atoms in the molecule.
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spatial
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The study of the different spatial arrangement of atoms is called ?
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stereochemistry
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What do you call 2 stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other?
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enantiomers
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Molecules that exist in enantiomeric forms are called ?
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chiral molecules
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For every pair of nonsuperimposable mirror image forms (called enantiomers), one is always designated __ and the other __.
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D and L
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A carbon atom that has 4 different groups bonded to it is called an __ carbon.
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chiral or asymmetric
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Large biological molecules typically have more than __ chiral carbon.
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one
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Each member of a pair of stereoisomers will rotate plane polarized light in __ directions.
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different
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Plane-polarized light is light of one wavelength polarized to one __.
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plane
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Large __ molecules typically have more than one chiral carbon.
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biological
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Each member of a pair of __ will rotate plane polarized light in different directions.
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stereoisomers
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Some compounds rotate light in a clockwise direction. These are said to be __.
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dextrorotatory
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How are dextrorotatory compounds designated?
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With a plus sign +
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Some compounds rotate light in a counterclockwise direction. They are said to be __.
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levorotatory
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How are levorotatory compounds designated?
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by a minus sign -
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A __ carbon atom bonded to 4 different atoms, or groups of atoms, are the basis of plane-polarized optical activity.
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tetrahedral
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Compounds that rotate light in a clockwise direction are called __.
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dextrorotatory (+)
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Compounds that rotate light in a counterclockwise direction are called __.
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levorotatory (-)
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A 2 dimensional drawing of a molecule that shows a chiral carbon at the intersection of 2 lines with horizontal lines representing bonds projecting out the page and vertical lines representing bonds projecting into the page are called ?
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Fischer Projections
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Do you need to draw in the carbons when drawing a Fischer Projection?
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no
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A mixture of 2 enantiomers is called ?
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a racemic mixture
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True or false: Racemic mixtures rotate light.
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False. The shifting of light by each enantiomer cancels the other one out.
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The position of the __ __ on the chiral carbon that is farthest from the carbonyl group (C=O) that determines whether a monosaccharide is in the D or L configuration.
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hydroxyl group (-OH)
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If the hydroxyl (-OH) group is on the right side of the carbohydrate molecule, the molecule is in which position? (D or L?)
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D
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Almost all carbohydrates in living systems are members of which family? (Are they in the D or L position?)
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D
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If the hydroxyl (-OH) group is on the left side of the carbohydrate molecule, the molecule is in which position? (D or L?)
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L (L=left)
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What is the most important sugar in the human body?
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glucose
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What are 3 other names for glucose?
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1. dextrose 2. grape sugar 3. blood sugar
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Glucose is broken down by __ and other pathways to release energy for the body.
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glycolysis
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What is the molecular formula for glucose?
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C6H12O6
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Glucose is an __.
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aldohexose
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The cyclic form of glucose exists because the carboxyl group at (which carbon?) reacts with the hydroxyl group at (which carbon?)
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C1 - C5
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The cyclic form of glucose is six member ring, or a cyclic __ __.
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intramolecular hemicetal
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Which is more stable: the cyclic or linear forms of glucose?
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cyclic
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2 isomers of D-glucose are called ?
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alpha and beta
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The isomers of D-glucose differ in the location of the -OH (hydroxyl group) attached to the __ __.
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hemiacetal carbon (or the C-1 carbon)
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The alpha and beta isomers of D-glucose are called __.
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anomers
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Where is the C-1 hydroxyl located in an alpha anomer of D-glucose?
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below the ring
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Where is the C-1 hydroxyl located in a beta anomer of D-glucose?
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above the ring
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What is the sweetest of all sugars?
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fructose
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Fructose is known by what other names?
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1. Levulose 2. fruit sugar
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Fructose is a __.
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ketose
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The cyclic form of fructose is an __ __ and a hexose.
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intramolecular hemiketal
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Galactose is a hexose or an aldose?
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It is both a hexose and an aldose.
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True or false: The cyclic form of fructose is a hexose.
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True
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Galactose is a component of the disaccharide __.
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lactose
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Ribose is a component of __.
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RNA
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Ribose is a 5-carbon __.
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aldose
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DNA contains 2 __.
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deoxyribose
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In DNA, the OH group at C-2 of ribose has been replaced with a __.
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hydrogen (it lost an oxygen; this is reduction)
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All monosaccharides and disaccharides except sucrose are __ sugars.
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reducing
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Reducing sugars can be oxidized by __ __ to produce a carboxylate anion.
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Benedict's reagent
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All monosaccharides and disaccharides except __ are reducing sugars.
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sucrose
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Reducing sugars can be oxidized by Benedict's reagent to produce a __ __.
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carboxylate anion
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The cyclic forms of monsaccharides are __ or __.
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hemiacetals or hemiketals
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When a hemiacetal reacts with an alcohol, the product is a __.
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ketal
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When acetals or ketals are formed, they are given the general name __.
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glycosides
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The C-O bonds of glycosides are called __ bonds.
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glycosidic
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Another name for maltose is ?
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malt sugar
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Maltose is composed of 2 __ molecules.
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D-glucose
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Lactose is also called ?
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milk sugar
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Lactose is made from 1 __ molecule and an __ or __ D-glucose.
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beta-D-galactose, alpha or a beta-
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The bond between the 2 monosaccharides is a __ glycosidic bond.
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Beta (1-4)
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Who established the field of biochemistry?
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Emil Fischer
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Sucrose is also called ?
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table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar
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Sucrose is an important carbohydrate in plants, but can it be synthesized in animals (including humans)?
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no
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Sucrose is a monosaccharide or a disaccharide?
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disaccharide
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Sucrose is a disaccharide of __ joined to __.
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alpha-D-glucose joined to a beta-D-fructose
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The glucose and fructose that form a sucrose are joined by a __ bond.
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glycosidic (alpha1-beta2)
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Why is sucrose NOT a reducing sugar?
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it lacks a hemiacetal group.
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Will sucrose react with a Benedict's reagent?
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no
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Most carbohydrates found in nature are large polymers of __.
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glucose
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What is the major transport form of sugar in plants?
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sucrose
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What is the principal storage form of sugar in plants?
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starch
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Starch is a heterogenous material composed of the glucose polymers __ and __.
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amylose and amylopectin
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Amylose accounts for about __% of the starch in a plant cell.
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20%
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A single chain of amylose can contain about __ glucose units.
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4000
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Amylopectin is a highly __ amylose.
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branched
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Each branch of amylopectin contains __-__ glucose untis.
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20 - 50
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What is the major glucose storage molecule in animals?
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glycogen
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The structure of glycogen is similar to __.
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amylopectin
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Glycogen differs from amylopectin in that it has __ branches and the branches are __.
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more, shorter
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What is the most abundant polysaccharide in the world?
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cellulose
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A molecule of cellulose typically contains about __ glucose units, but can have as many as __..
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3000, 26,000
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Cellulose is the __ component of the plant cell wall.
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structural
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Why can't cellulose be digested by humans?
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We lack the enzyme "cellulase" (NOTE: this isn't what it's really called, but it's what he wants on the test.)
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Lipids are a collection of organic molecules of varying chemical composition grouped together on the basis of their __ and on being __ solvents.
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solubility, nonpolar
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Name the 4 main groups of lipids.
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1. fatty acids 2. glycerides 3. nonglyceride lipids 4. complex lipids
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What are the 8 functions of lipids in the human body?
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1. energy source 2. energy storage 3. cell membrane structure (lipid bilayer) 4. hormones 5. vitamins (A,D,E,K) 6. vitamin absorption 7. protection 8. insulation
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Fatty acids are long-chain __ acids.
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monocarboxylic
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Fatty acids generally contain an __ number of carbon atoms.
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even
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The esterification of glycerol with a fatty acid produces a __ __.
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neurtral glyceride
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Esterification may occur at 1, 2, or all 3 positions, producing __, __, or __.
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monoglycerides, diglycerides, or triglycerides
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What are the main components of fat cells?
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triglycerides
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The principal function of riglycerides is to store __.
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energy
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An __ agent aids in the suspension of triglyerides in water.
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emulsifying
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Lecithin is __.
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amphipathic
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Amphipathic means a molecules possesses a __ head and __ tail.
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polar head, nonpolar tail
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__ is a common steroid found in the membranes of most animal cells.
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Cholesterol
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Complex lipids are lipids bonded to other types of __.
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molecules
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What are the 2 most important complex lipids?
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plasma and plasma lipoproteins
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Plasma lipoproteins transport other __ in the body.
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lipids
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What are the 4 major classes of human plasma lipoproteins?
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1. chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL
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Open chain form of D-Glucose
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Open chain form of L-Glucose
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Open chain form of D-fructose.
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Open chain form of L-fructose.
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Open chain form of D-galactose.
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Open chain form of L-galactose.
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Open chain form of D-ribose.
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Open chain form of L-ribose. (Hydrogens would be on the right)
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a-D-glucose
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B-D-glucose
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a-D-fructose
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B-D-fructose
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B-D-galactose
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a-D-galactose
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