Chem Ib Midterm

Front 1

Abiotic

Back 1

– an environmental factor not associated with the activities of living organisms.

Front 2

Acceleration

Back 2

– rate of change in velocity, usually expressed in meters per seconds squared.

Front 3

Accuracy

Back 3

– the extent to which a measurement is in proximity to the standard or expected value.

Front 4

Acid

Back 4

– a substance that increases the H+ concentration when added to a water solution.

Front 5

Activation Energy

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– the lease amount of energy required to start a particular chemical reaction.

Front 6

Adaptation

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– a particular development, behavior, or physiological change in a population of organisms, in response to changes in the populations.

Front 7

Air resistance

Back 7

– force of air on moving objects

Front 8

Allele

Back 8

– any of two or more alternate forms of a gene that an organism may have for a a particular trait.

Front 9

Amino Acids

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– an organic molecule containing an amino and a carboxyl group from which proteins are synthesized.

Front 10

Amplitude

Back 10

– in any periodic function (e.g., a wave) the maximum absolute variation of the function.

Front 11

Aqueous

Back 11

– a solution containing water.

Front 12

Asexual reproduction

Back 12

– a form of reproduction in which new individuals are formed without the involvement of gametes.

Front 13

Astronomical Unit

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– the average distance from Earth to the Sun, approximately 150 million kilometers.

Front 14

Atomic Number

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– the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus; the atomic number determines an element’s placement on the periodic table.

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Base

Back 15

– a substance that increases the OH- concentration of a solution; a proton acceptor.

Front 16

Biodiversity

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– the existence of a wide range of different species in a given area or specific period of time.

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Biome

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– a complex biotic community characterized by the interaction of living organisms and climatic factors.

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Biotic

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– factors in an environment relating to, caused by, or produced by living organisms.

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Calorie

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– unit of energy; the amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure.

Front 20

Catalyst

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– a substance that speeds up or slows down the rate of a reaction without being consumed or altered.

Front 21

Centrifugal

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– the motion away from center or axis.

Front 22

Centripetal Force

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– the force on an object required to keep this object on a circular path, pulling toward the center of the circle.

Front 23

Chemical weathering

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– the breakdown and alteration of rocks at or near Earth’s surface as a result of chemical processes.

Front 24

Circuit

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– an interconnection of electrical elements forming a complete path for the flow of current.

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Compound

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– a substance made up of at least two different elements held together by chemical bonds that can only be broken down into elements by chemical processes.

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Concentration

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– the relative amount of a particular substance, a solute, or mixture.

Front 27

Conduction

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– the transmission of heat through a medium and without the motion of the medium.

Front 28

Conservation of energy

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– a fundamental principle stating energy cannot be created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another.

Front 29

Conservation of Mass

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– the principle that mass cannot be created or destroyed; also conservation of matter.

Front 30

Convection

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– heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another.

Front 31

Convergent Boundary

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– area where two tectonic plates collide.

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Covalent Bond

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– a chemical bond between two atoms of the same or different elements in which each atom shares an electron.

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Crest

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– the peak or highest point on a wave.

Front 34

Crust

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– outermost layer of Earth covering the mantle.

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Dependent variable

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– factor being measured or observed in an experiment.

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Deposition

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– the process by which sediment is carried by forces and left in a certain area.

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Diffraction

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– the bending of a wave around an obstruction.

Front 38

DNA

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– a nucleic acid that carries genetic material; present in all cellular organisms.

Front 39

Dominance

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– tendency of certain alleles to mask the expression of their corresponding recessive alleles.

Front 40

Ecosystem

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– an ecological community, together with its environment, functioning as a unit.

Front 41

Efficiency

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– the relative effectiveness of a system or device determined by comparing input and output.

Front 42

Electromagnet

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– a magnet consisting of a coil of wire wrapped around a core that becomes strongly magnetized when current flows through the coil producing a magnetic field.

Front 43

Electromagnetic radiation

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– the emission and propagation of the entire range of electromagnetic spectrum including: gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, microwaves, and radio waves.

Front 44

Electromagnetic Waves

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– waves generated by the oscillation of a charged particle and characterized by periodic variations of electric and magnetic fields.

Front 45

Electron

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– a stable elementary particle that is negatively charged and orbits the nucleus of an atom.

Front 46

Entropy

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– a measure of randomness or disorder of a closed system.

Front 47

Erosion

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– a combination of natural processes in which materials from Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or working away and transported from one place to another.

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Fault

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– a rock fracture along which movement or displacement of Earth’s crust has taken place.

Front 49

First Law of Thermodynamics

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– a law that states that the internal energy in a system remains constant and the change in thermal energy of a system is equal to the work done on the system.

Front 50

Fossil fuels

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– the remains of animal or plant life from past geologic ages that are now in a form suitable for use as a fuel.

Front 51

Frequency

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– the number of cycles or waves per unit of time.

Front 52

Gene

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– a specific part of a chromosome or sequence of DNA that determines a particular feature or characteristic in an organism.

Front 53

Genotype

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– the sum total of the genetic information contained in an organism.

Front 54

Half-Life

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– the amount of time required for half of an original sample of radioactive material to decay or undergo radioactive transformation.

Front 55

Heat of Fusion

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– the amount of heat energy required to convert a unit mass of substance from a solid to a liquid through melting at a constant temperature and pressure.

Front 56

Heat of Vaporization

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– the amount of heat energy needed to change a unit mass of substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point.

Front 57

Heterozygous

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– cell or organism that has two different alleles for a particular trait.

Front 58

Homozygous

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– cell or organism that has identical rather than different alleles for a particular trait.

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Independent variable

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– the factor that is changed in an experiment in order to study changes in the dependent variable.

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Indicator

Back 60

– a chemical compound that changes color depending on the pH of the solution or other chemical change.

Front 61

Inertia

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– the property of an object, due to its mass, by which it resists any change in its position unless overcome by force.

Front 62

Isotope

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– the form of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Front 63

Kelvin

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– fundamental SI unit of temperature where zero degrees Kelvin is equal to absolute zero.

Front 64

Magnetic field

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– the region where magnetic force exists around magnets or electric currents.

Front 65

Mass

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– the amount of matter an object contains.

Front 66

Mass Number

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– the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

Front 67

Meiosis

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– the process of nuclear division in cells during which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.

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Membrane

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– a thin layer of tissue that surrounds or lines a cell, a group of cells, or a cavity; any barrier separating two fluids.

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Mid-Ocean Ridge

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– a continuous, seismic mountain range extending across the floor of the world’s major oceans; area where two oceanic plates are moving away from each other; area where new crustal material may be released.

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Mitosis

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– a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells during which the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes.

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Molecule

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– the smallest unit of matter of a substance that retains al the physical and chemical properties of that substance; consists of a single atom or a group of atoms bonded together.

Front 72

Momentum

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– a vector quantity that is the product of an object’s mass and velocity; the general effect of ongoing motion.

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Mutation

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– the process by which a gene undergoes a change in DNA sequence or a structural change.

Front 74

Natural Selection

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– the theory stating every organism displays slight variations from other organisms of its kind, and the struggle for limited natural resources results in individuals with certain natural variations adapted to their specific environments.

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Neap tide

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– a twice-monthly tide of minimal range that occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are at right angles to each other, thus decreasing the total tidal force exerted on earth.

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Neutral

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– a particle, object, or system that lacks a net charge.

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Neutron

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– a subatomic particle having zero charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Niche

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– the unique position occupied by a particular species in terms of the area it inhabits and the function it performs within the community.

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Nuclear Fission

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– the process by which an atomic nucleus splits into two or more large fragment of comparable mass, simultaneously producing additional neutrons and vast amounts of energy.

Front 80

Nuclear Fusion

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– the process by which two lighter atomic nuclei combine at extremely high temperatures to form a heavier nucleus and release vast amounts of energy.

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Nucleus

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– the center region of an atom where protons and neutrons are located.

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Ocean basin

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– a depression on the surface of Earth occupied by water.

Front 83

Permeability

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– the capability of a porous substance or membrane to allow a fluid or gas to enter it; the measure or degree to which a substance can be penetrated by a liquid or gas.

Front 84

pH

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– a symbol for the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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Phenotype

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– the appearance or other observable characteristic of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genetic makeup and its environment.

Front 86

Plate tectonics

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– theor of global dynamics in which Earth’s crust is divided into a smaller number of large, rigid plates whose movements cause seismic activity along their borders.

Front 87

Potential energy

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– energy stored in an object due to the object’s configuration and/or position.

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Precision

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– the degree of accuracy or exactness of a measurement or tool.

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Pressure

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– the force exerted per unit of area.

Front 90

Prism

Back 90

– a piece of glass with polished plane surfaces that disperse a beam of white light into its component colors.

Front 91

Product

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– a substance or compound resulting from a chemical reaction.

Front 92

Protein

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– a biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids.

Front 93

Proton

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– a subatomic particle having a positive charge and which is found in the nucleus of an atom.

Front 94

Punnett square

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– a graphic check board used to determine results from a particular genetic cross.

Front 95

Radiation

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– emission of energy in the form of rays or waves.

Front 96

Rate of Reaction

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– the speed at which reactants are consumed and products are produced in a given reaction.

Front 97

Reactant

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– any substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction.

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Recessive

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– an allele for a trait that will be masked unless the organism is homozygous for this trait.

Front 99

Rift Valley

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– a long, narrow valley in Earth’s crust where two continental plates are separating or between two faults.

Front 100

RNA

Back 100

– a single-stranded nucleic acid consisting of a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases that encodes information needed to synthesize proteins.

Front 101

Screw

Back 101

– a type of simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.

Front 102

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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– a law that states all natural processes proceed in a preferred direction.

Front 103

Sexual reproduction

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– reproduction involving the union of gametes producing an offspring with traits from both parents.

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Solar Mass

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– the quantity equal to the mass of the Sun.

Front 105

Solubility

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– the ability or tendency of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure.

Front 106

Species

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– a group of organisms of common ancestry able to reproduce only among themselves and usually geographically distinct.

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Spectroscope

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– an instrument that uses a prism to separate and catalog light wacelengths.

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Speed

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– amount of distance traveled divided by time taken.

Front 109

Spring tide

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– the tide of increased range that occurs twice monthly at the new and full phases of the Moon.

Front 110

Stimulus

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– a condition that produces a response.

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Succession

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– the progressive replacement, on a single site, of one type of community by another.

Front 112

Thermal energy

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– internal energy found by adding the kinetic energy of particles making up a substance.

Front 113

Tropism

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– the motion of an organism or part of an organism toward or away from an external stimulus.

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Trough

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– the lowest point on a wave.

Front 115

Variable

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– an event, condition, or factor that can be changed or controlled in order to study or test a hypothesis in a scientific experiment.

Front 116

Vector

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– a physical quantity with both a magnitude and direction.

Front 117

Velocity

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– the time rate at which a body changes its position vector; quantity whose magnitude is expressed in units of distance over time.

Front 118

Vibration

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– a repetitive movement around an equilibrium point.

Front 119

Virus

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– a noncellular, disease causing particle that uses the genetic material from its host to reproduce.

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Wavelength

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– the ditstance between crests of a wave.

Front 121

Wedge

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– a type of simple machine that consists of an inclined plane used to searate two objects.

Front 122

Wheel and axle

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– a type of simple machine that consists of a rod driven through the center of a cylinder that is allowed to rotate freely, yielding a mechanical advantage equal to the cylinder’s diameter.

Front 123

Base Unit

Back 123

- The seven fundamental SI units of measure.

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Meter

Back 124

- The SI base unit of length.

Front 125

Second

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- The SI base unit of time.

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Kilogram

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- The SI base unit of mass.

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Derived Unit

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- Unit of a quantity, that is a combination of base units.

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Significant Digit

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- All valid digits in a measurement.

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Scalar

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- A quantity that has only magnitude.

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Vector

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- A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Front 131

Displacement

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- The vector quantity that defines the distance and direction between two positions.

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Distance

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- A scalar quantity that is the length, or size, of the displacement vector.

Front 133

Gravity

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- The attractive foce between all masses.

Front 134

Projectile

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- An object with independent vertical and horizontal motions that moves through the air only under the force of gravity after an intial thrust.

Front 135

Force

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- A push or pull exerted on an object having magnitude and direction.

Front 136

Free-Body Diagram

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- A diagram that shows the direction of the force operating on each object.

Front 137

Newton's First Law

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- If a system has no net force on it, the its velocity will not change.

Front 138

Newton's Second Law

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- Acceleration of an object equals the net force on that object divided by its mass.

Front 139

Newton's Third Law

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- All forces come in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Front 140

Inertia

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- The tendency of an object either at rest or moving at a constant speed to resist changing velocity.

Front 141

Period

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- In any periodic motion, the time needed to repeat one complete cycle of motion.

Front 142

Resistance

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- The ratio of the voltage across a device to the current through it.

Front 143

Amorphous Solid

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- A solid in which particles are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern that often is formed when molten material cools too quickly to form crystals.

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Barometer

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- An instrument that is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Front 145

Condensation

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- The energy - releasing process by which a gas or vapor becomes a liquid.

Front 146

Dipole-dipole force

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- The attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

Front 147

Dispersion Force

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- The weak forces resulting from temporary shifts in the density of electrons in electron clouds.

Front 148

Evaporation

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- The process in which vaporization occurs only at the surface of a liquid.

Front 149

pascal

Back 149

- The SI unit of pressure.

Front 150

phase diagram

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- A graph of pressure versus temperature that shows which phase a substance exists in under different conditions of temperature and pressure.

Front 151

sublimation

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- The energy requiring process by which a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid.

Front 152

surface tension

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- The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount.

Front 153

surfactant

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- A compound, such as soap that lowers the surface tension of water by disrupting hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Front 154

temperature

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- A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.

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Heat

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- A form of energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler object.

Front 156

triple point

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- The point on a phase diagram representing the temperature an dpressure at which the three phases of a substance can coexist.

Front 157

viscosity

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- A measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow, which is affected by the size and shape of particles, and generally increases as the temperature decreases and as intermolecular forces increase.

Front 158

chemical change

Back 158

- A process involving one or more substances changing into new substances.

Front 159

chemical property

Back 159

- The ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more new substances.

Front 160

chromatography

Back 160

- A technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material.

Front 161

compound

Back 161

- A chemcial combination of two or more different elements.

Front 162

distillation

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- A technique that can be used to physically separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances involved.

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element

Back 163

- A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

Front 164

heterogeneous mixture

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- One that does not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct.

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homogeneous mixture

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- One that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase.

Front 166

solution

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- A uniform mixture that may contain solids, liquids, or gases.

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substance

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- A aform of matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition.

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liquid

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- A form of matter tha flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container.

Front 169

solid

Back 169

- A form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume, is incompressible, and expands only slightly when heated.

Front 170

gas

Back 170

- A form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed.

Front 171

alpha particle

Back 171

- A particle with two protons and two neutrons, with a 2+ charge.

Front 172

atom

Back 172

- The smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element.

Front 173

atomic mass

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- The weighted avarage mass of the isotopes of that element.

Front 174

beta particle

Back 174

- A high speed electron with a -1 charge that is emitted during radioactive decay.

Front 175

electron

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- A negatively charged, fast-moving particle with an extremely small mass that is found in all forms of matter and moves throught the empty space surrounding an atom's nucleus.

Front 176

proton

Back 176

- A subatomic particle in a n atom's nucleus that has a positive charge.

Front 177

neutron

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- A neutral subatomic particle in an atom's nucleus that has a mass nearly equal to that of a proton.

Front 178

gamma ray

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- High-energy radiation that has no electrical charge and no mass, is not deflected by electric or magnetic fields, usually accmompanies alpha and beta radiation, and accounts for most of the energy lost during radioactive decay.

Front 179

nuclear reaction

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- A reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom.

Front 180

nucleus

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- The extremely small, positively charged, dense center of an atom that contains positively charged proton, neutral neutrons, and is surrounded by empty space through which one or more negatively charged electrons move.

Front 181

radioactivity

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- The process in which some substances spontaneously emit radiation.

Front 182

atomic orbital

Back 182

- A three-dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electron's probably location.

Front 183

electron configuration

Back 183

- The arrangement of electrons in an atom, which is prescribed by three rules - the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

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electron-dot structure

Back 184

- Consists of an element's symbol, represnting the atomic nucleus and inner-levely electrons, that is surrounded by dots, representing the atom's valence electrons.

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ground state

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- The lowest allowable energy state of an atom.

Front 186

photon

Back 186

- A particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy.

Front 187

valence electron

Back 187

- The electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals.