Chem Chapter 11

Front 1

Organic Compounds

Back 1

- typically contains carbon and hydrogen atoms, and
- may also contain other atoms, such as, O, S, N, P, or a halogen (F, Cl, Br and I).

Front 2

Properties of Many Organic Compounds

Back 2

-are nonpolar and have weak attractions between molecules.
-have low melting and boiling points.
-are not soluble in water.
-are less dense than water.
-are highly flammable.

Front 3

Hydrocarbons

Back 3

-are organic compounds that consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
-have electron-dot formulas that have four bonds on each carbon atom.

Front 4

Alkanes

Back 4

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds

Front 5

Cycloalkanes

Back 5

-are carbon rings.
-have two fewer hydrogen atoms than straight-chain alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.
-are named by using the prefix cyclo- before the name of the alkane chain.

Front 6

Structural Isomers

Back 6

When two compounds have the same molecular
formula, but differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded

Front 7

Isomers

Back 7

-have the same molecular formula.
-have different structural arrangements.
-of C4H10 consist of a straight chain and a branched chain, each with 4 carbon atoms.

Front 8

Isomers of Pentane (C5H12)

Back 8

-have the same molecular formula.
-have different structural arrangements.
-consist of a straight chain and two branched chains

Front 9

Alkyl Groups

Back 9

-are carbon branches.
-are named by replacing the -ane ending of the corresponding alkane name with yl.

Front 10

Halo Groups

Back 10

-are halogen atoms attached to the carbon chain.
-are named fluoro (—F), chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br) or iodo (—I).

Front 11

Naming Haloalkanes

Back 11

-halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.
-substituents are numbered and arranged alphabetically.
-alkanes with halogens can be named as alkyl halides; the carbon group is named as an alkyl group followed by the halide name.

Front 12

Naming Cycloalkanes with
Substituents

Back 12

-the name of the substituent is placed in front of
the cycloalkane name.
-the number of the substituent is not needed when there is only one substituent.

Front 13

Alkanes

Back 13

-gases when they have only 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
-liquids when they have 5 to 8 carbon atoms.
-solids when they have 9 to 17 carbon atoms.

-nonpolar.
-insoluble in water.
-less dense than water

Front 14

Alkanes: Melting and Boiling Points

Back 14

-have the lowest melting and boiling points of all organic compounds.
-have only nonpolar bonds, C—C and C—H.
-have weak dispersion forces which increase when more carbons are present.

Front 15

Branched Alkanes: Melting and
Boiling Points

Back 15

The boiling and melting points are lower than their straight-chain isomers because they are more compact.

Front 16

Cycloalkanes: Melting and Boiling
Points

Back 16

-higher boiling points than straight-chain alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.

-restricted rotation around C—C bonds, maintaining rigid structures.

Front 17

Combustion of Alkanes

Back 17

-contain single C—C bonds which are difficult to break.
-are the least reactive group of organic compounds.
-burn readily in the presence of oxygen.

-undergo combustion to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

Front 18

Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil

Back 18

are separated by their different boiling points in a process called fractional distillation which removes groups of hydrocarbons by continually heating the mixture to higher temperatures.

Front 19

Functional Groups

Back 19

-are a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way.
-are composed of an atom or a group of atoms.
-are groups that replace a H in the corresponding alkane.
-provide a way to classify families of organic compounds.