Chem 3

Front 1

fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

Back 1

phosphofructokinase

Front 2

What is the net yield of ATP generated fromglycolysis

Back 2

2

Front 3

The ΔG°' for phosphorylation of glucose with Pi is +13.8kJ/mol, while the ΔG°' for hydrolysis of ATP is -30.5 kJ/mol. What is the ΔG°' forphosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase coupled to ATP hydrolysis?

Back 3

-16.7 kJ/mol

Front 4

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

Back 4

pyruvate kinase

Front 5

enzymes involved in regulating glycolysis?

Back 5

hexokinase

phosphofructokinase

pyruvate kinase

Front 6

Gluconeogenesis differs from glycosis at what points in the pathway?

Back 6

hexokinase

phosphofructokinase

pyruvate kinase

Front 7

What is the purpose of fermentation of pyruvate to lactate?

Back 7

to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis

Front 8

What reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate decarboxylase?

Back 8

formation of CO2 from pyruvate before formation of ethanol

Front 9

What is the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex

Back 9

to form acetyl-CoA from pyruvate for the Krebs cycle

Front 10

What is the net energy gain in glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

Back 10

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Front 11

pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Back 11

pyruvate dehydrogenase [PDH, the big enzyme complex]

Front 12

FADH2 is produced in the TCA cycle as a result of what oxidation reaction?

Back 12

conversion of succinate to fumarate [formation of a double bond, removal of 2 Hydrogens]

Front 13

CO2 is generated at what two steps of the TCA cycle?

Back 13

isocitrate > α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutarate > succinyl-CoA

Front 14

What is the net energy yield of one turn of the TCA cycle?

Back 14

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

Front 15

How many molecules of CO2 are produced by the TCA cycle?

Back 15

2

Front 16

How many GTP or ATP are directly produced by one turn of the TCA cycle?

Back 16

1

Front 17

How many NADH and FADH2 are generated by one turn of the TCA cycle?

Back 17

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

Front 18

At what points are the two CO2 molecules from the TCA cycle released?

Back 18

before and after formation of α-ketoglutarate

Front 19

During which step of the TCA cycle is GTP generated?

Back 19

during conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate [powered by breaking the thioester bond]

Front 20

Conversion of malate to oxaloacetate involves what kind of reaction?

Back 20

oxidation of a hydroxyl group to a ketone using NAD+

Front 21

What is the net result of conversion of citrate to isocitrate?

Back 21

movement of a hydroxyl group from one carbon atom to another

Front 22

How many six-carbon compounds participate in the TCA cycle?

Back 22

2 [citrate and isocitrate]

Front 23

How many five-carbon compounds participate in the TCA cycle?

Back 23

4 [succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate; succinyl-CoA is not really 5 carbons]

Front 24

What reaction prepares Acetyl-CoA for entry into the TCA cycle?

Back 24

decarboxylation of pyruvate by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Front 25

mitochondria

Back 25

1.they originally evolved from free-living bacteria 2.they have an outer membrane and an inner membrane

3. hey have their own genomes

4. they have their own ribosomes

Front 26

Where does β-oxidation of fatty acids take place?

Back 26

in the mitochondrial matrix

Front 27

β-oxidation of fatty acids yields what product at each step

Back 27

acetyl-CoA

Front 28

β-oxidation of fatty acids involves what sequence of reactions

Back 28

oxidation > hydration > oxidation > cleavage

Front 29

Fatty acyl groups are transported into mitochondria in what form

Back 29

acyl-carnitine

Front 30

What reduced cofactors result from β-oxidation of fatty acids?

Back 30

FADH2, then NADH

Front 31

Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis take place?

Back 31

in the cytosol

Front 32

Fatty acid synthesis uses primarily what intermediate?

Back 32

malonyl-CoA

Front 33

Fatty acid biosynthesis releases what molecule(s) at each cycle of addition?

Back 33

CO2 and H2O

Front 34

39. Fatty acid biosynthesis involves what sequence of reactions?

Back 34

condensation > reduction > dehydration > reduction

Front 35

What proteins in the electron transport chain are heme-binding proteins?

Back 35

cytochromes

Front 36

Which complex obtains electrons from FADH2 directly from the TCA cycle?

Back 36

complex 2

Front 37

Photosystem I has what role in photosynthesis?

Back 37

transfer of electrons to ferrodoxin to generate NADPH

Front 38

Photosystem II has what role in photosynthesis?

Back 38

oxidation of H2O to O2

Front 39

In what direction do electrons flow during photosynthesis?

Back 39

photosystem II > cyt B6f > photosystem I

Front 40

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis serve what purpose?

Back 40

fix CO2 and synthesize carbohydrates

use ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 for use as a carbon source

Front 41

What molecule is a precursor to aromatic amino acids?

Back 41

chrosimate

Front 42

What molecule is a cofactor in CH2, CO2 and formyl group transfers?

Back 42

Tetrahydrofolate

Front 43

What two molecules are the starting material for the biosynthesis of histidine?

Back 43

PRPP and ATP

Front 44

The α-amino group of serine originates from what molecule?

Back 44

glutamate

Front 45

Alanine is synthesized directly from what glycolytic intermediate?

Back 45

Pyruvate

Front 46

If glutamate is used as an amino group donor, what would you expect as a side product?

Back 46

α-ketoglutarate

Front 47

Glycine is derived from what other amino acid?

Back 47

serine

Front 48

Aspartate is derived from what TCA cycle intermediate?

Back 48

oxaloacetate

Front 49

What glycolytic intermediate is the precursor to serine?

Back 49

3-phosphoglycerate

Front 50

Tyrosine is derived directly from what other amino acid?

Back 50

phenylalanine

Front 51

What are the sources of the nitrogen atoms in the purine ring?

Back 51

2 from glutamine, 1 from aspartate, 1 from glycine

Front 52

What are the sources of the nitrogen atoms in the pyrimidine ring?

Back 52

1 from aspartate and 1 from carbamoyl phosphate

Front 53

What pyrimidine molecule is added to PRPP during de novo synthesis?

Back 53

orotate

Front 54

NDP are converted to dNDP by what enzyme?

Back 54

ribonucleotide reductase

Front 55

What precursor is added to PRPP during pyrimidine biosynthesis?

Back 55

orotic acid

Front 56

What is the branch point in synthesis of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) andguanosine monophosphate (GMP)?

Back 56

inosine monophosphate (IMP)

Front 57

The enzyme ribonucleotide reductase is responsible for what reaction?

Back 57

conversion of NDP to dNDP

Front 58

Adenine N1 and N6 atoms are donated by what molecule, yielding what TCA cycle intermediate?

Back 58

aspartate, fumarate

Front 59

What is the source of C4-C5-N7 atoms of purine bases?

Back 59

glycine

Front 60

What biosynthetic transamination reaction for 1 and 2?

Back 60

1.conversion of pyruvate to alanine

2.conversion of oxaloacetate to aspartate

Front 61

What kind of reaction is shown above, and what cofactor does it require?

Back 61

fatty acid oxidation, FAD

Front 62

1. Identify the molecule

2. What other substrate of the reaction at right is not shown?

Back 62

1. α-ketoglutarate

2. acetyl-CoA [4 carbons + 2 carbons = 6 carbons]

Front 63

Catabolism

Back 63

Oxidation and breakdown of molecules

Front 64

Anabolism

Back 64

Reduction and buildup of molecules

Front 65

Which of the following is in the correct order from most reduced to most oxidized?

Back 65

methyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, CO2

Front 66

ATP hydrolysis and hydrolysis of an acetyl-CoA thioster bond both yield energy because of what common factor?

Back 66

resonance stabilization

Front 67

The molecule shown at the right is best described as which of the following?

Back 67

a D-aldohexose

Front 68

Glycolysis takes place in what cellular compartment?

Back 68

the cytoplasm

Front 69

The enzyme phosphofructokinase catalyzes what reaction in glycolysis?

Back 69

phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Front 70

Glycolysis of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate requires an investment of how many ATP molecules?

Back 70

2

Front 71

In what cellular compartment do reactions of the TCA cycle take place?

Back 71

the mitochondrion

Front 72

The regeneration of oxaloacetate from succinate involves what sequence of reactions?

Back 72

oxidation > hydration> oxidation

Front 73

What enzyme converts malate to oxaloacetate, generating NADH + H+?

Back 73

malate dehydrogenase

Front 74

What enzyme converts succinate to fumarate, generating FADH2?

Back 74

succinate dehydrogenase

Front 75

What six-carbon molecules are intermediates in the TCA cycle?

Back 75

citrate and isocitrate

Front 76

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) serves as an electron carrier between what complexes?

Back 76

complex I and complex III

Front 77

Cytochrome c serves as an electron carrier between what complexes?

Back 77

complex III and complex IV

Front 78

Which complexes transport protons across the mitochondrial membrane to establish a proton gradient?

Back 78

complex I, complex III, complex IV

Front 79

Which best describes the role of the β subunit(s) of the F0F1 ATP synthase E 58%in electron transport?

Back 79

it catalyzes formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

Front 80

The energy of a photon is given by which equation?

Back 80

E = hc/λ

Front 81

In photosynthesis, electrons from H2O are transferred from photosystem II to Cyt b6f by what carrier ?

Back 81

plastoquinone

Front 82

The proton gradient in higher plant photosynthesis is generated by which component?

Back 82

cytochrome b6f

Front 83

rubisco

Back 83

the enzyme that fixes CO2 by fusing it with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

Front 84

Back 84

GDP

Front 85

Define the amino acid biosynthetic pathway

Back 85

α-ketoglutarate > glutamate > glutamine

Front 86

What is this stupid base pair and where is it found?

Back 86

G-U, RNA only