Chem 3

Front 1

What is a homologous series?

Back 1

A homologous series is a family of compounds with similar chemical properties

Front 2

What is a functional group

Back 2

It is part of the organic molecule that is

largely responsible for the molecules

chemical properties

Front 3

What is the molecular formula

Back 3

It shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

(It does not show how they are joined

together)

Front 4

What is the empirical formula

Back 4

is the simplest whole number ratio of the

atoms of each element present in a

compound

Front 5

What is the general formula

Back 5

Is the simplest algebraic formula to generate the molecular formula

Front 6

What is the general formula for alkanes

Back 6

CnH2n+2

Front 7

What is the general formula for alkenes

Back 7

CnH2n

Front 8

What is the general formula for alcohols

Back 8

CnH2n+1OH

Front 9

What is the general formula for Carboxylic acid

Back 9

CnH2nO2

Front 10

What is the general formula for a keytone

Back 10

CnH2nO

Front 11

`What is the displayed formula

Back 11

It shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Front 12

What is the structural formula

Back 12

it uses the smallest amount of detail

necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

Front 13

What is Structural isomerism

Back 13

Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

Front 14

What is homolytic fission

Back 14

When a covalent bond breaks each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons takes one of the electrons

Front 15

What is heterolytic fission

Back 15

When a covalent bond breaks one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond.

Front 16

What is an addition reaction

Back 16

It is two reactants joining together to form one product

Front 17

What is a substitution reaction

Back 17

One group of atoms are replaced by a

different atom or group of atoms

Front 18

What is a elimination reaction

Back 18

Is the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. One reactant will form two

products

Front 19

What is a sigma bond

Back 19

It is when each atom in a alkane is joined to four other atoms by single covalent bonds

Front 20

Why can crude oil can go though fractional

distillation

Back 20

Because the boiling of the many alkanes in crude oil are different increasing with length

Front 21

How does chain length effect boiling point

Back 21

London forces act between molecules that are in close surface contact as the chain length increases so will boiling point

Front 22

Effect of branching on boiling point

Back 22

Branched molecules will have fewer surface points of contact between molecules meaning less London forces

Also branches get in the way and prevent how close the molecules can be decreasing the effect of intermolecular forces

Front 23

Why do alkanes lack reactivity

Back 23

C-C and C-H sigma bonds are strong

C-C bonds are non - polar

Electronegativity of C-H are too similar to be polar

Front 24

Mechanisms for bromination of alkanes - Initiation

Back 24

Br2 + UV_light - Br•+•Br

Front 25

Mechanisms for bromination of alkanes - Propagation

Back 25

Propagation 1 - CH4 + Br· → ·CH3 + HBr

Propagation 2 - ·CH3 + Br2 → CH3Br +Br·

Front 26

Mechanisms for bromination of alkanes - Termination

Back 26

Br· + Br· → Br2

·CH3 + ·CH3 → C2H6

·CH3 + ·Br → CH3Br

Front 27

Why is a pi bond formed In a double bond

Back 27

Formed by the overlapping of two P - orbitals one from each carbon atom of the double bond

(Each carbon atom contributes one electron to the electron pair)

Front 28

What is the bond angle around a double bond and explain why this is

Back 28

Because of the 3 regions of electron density they will all repel as much as possible so the bond angle is 120

Front 29

What is meant by the term unsaturated

Back 29

Alkenes are unsaturated because they can add a hydrogen when the C=C double bond is broken.

Front 30

What are the conditions to have E/Z isomerism

Back 30

A C==C double bond

Different groups attached to each carbon atom of the double bond

Front 31

Which is weaker a sigma bond or a pi bond and explain why

Back 31

pi bond beacuse the electron density is concentrated above and below the plane so it is more exposed than sigma bonds so it can undergo additon reactions easily

Front 32

What is an electrophile

Back 32

it is a atom or group of atoms that is

attracted to an electron rich centre

(The electrophiles tend to be positive ions or molecules that are partial positive)

Front 33

Explain recycling in terms of environmental concerns

Back 33

Recycling polymers reduces their

environmental by conserving fossil fuels

as well as reduced waste going to the landfill

Discarded polymers are sorted by type chopped, washed, dried and melted it is then cut into pellets and reused

Front 34

Explain PVC recycling in terms of environmental concerns

Back 34

Disposal of PVC is hazardous due to the high chlorine content

dumping In the landfill is not sustainable

when burnt releases Hydrogen chloride

Instead solvents dissolve the polymer and recovered by precipitation

Front 35

Explain using waste polymers as fuel recycling in terms of environmental concerns

Back 35

Because it contains petroleum or natural gas they are harder to recycle

They are incinerated to produce heat energy generating steam and turn a turbine producing electricity.

Front 36

Explain Feedstock recycling in terms of environmental concerns

Back 36

are the chemical and thermal processes that can reclaim monomers gases or oils the raw products are then reused

An advantage of this is you can handle

unsorted and unwashed polymers

Front 37

Explain Biodegradable polymers in terms of environmental concern

Back 37

They are broken down by microorganisms into water and carbon dioxide (Usually made from Starch or cellulose or contain additives that alter structure so it can be broken down)

Front 38

Explain Photodegradable in terms of environmental concerns

Back 38

Photodegradable oil based polymers these polymers contain bonds that are weakened by absorbing light or adding light absorbing additives

Front 39

What are the physical properties of alcohol

Back 39

alcohols contain a polar O--H bond because of electronegativity difference they are therefore polar

they will have very weak London forces but strong hydrogen bonds between O--H

Front 40

Explain why alcohols have a higher boiling point

Back 40

Because alcohols have stronger hydrogen bonds that require much more energy to overcome than weaker London forces

Front 41

Explain alcohols solubility in water

Back 41

Because of the polar O--H group it allows the compound to form hydrogen bonds with the

water making them more water soluble

Front 42

Molecular formula of dichromate

Back 42

Cr2O7

Front 43

What is a dehydration reaction

Back 43

A reaction in which a water molecule is

removed

Front 44

Explain the process of the dehydration of alcohols

Back 44

The alcohol is heated under reflux with an acid catalyst such as Sulphuric or phosphoric acid

Front 45

Explain a substitution reaction of alcohol

Back 45

Alcohol is heated under reflux with sulphuric acid (catalyst) and a sodium halide

Front 46

What is a nucleophile

Back 46

An atom or group of molecules attracted to an electron deficient carbon atom it will donate a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

Front 47

Give 3 examples of nucleophiles

Back 47

:OH- , H2O: , :NH-3 CN -

Front 48

How would you measure the rate of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes

Back 48

Carry out the reaction in the presences of aqueous silver nitrate as the reaction takes place halide ions are produced which will react with the silver nitrate forming a

precipitate

Ethanol is also presence allowing the haloalkanes and water to mix producing a single solution

Front 49

Why were CFCs and HCFCS commonly used

Back 49

Because of how stable they both are due to the carbon-halogen bonds