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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colors caused by what |
Light , and our perception of that light |
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White light |
Contains all colors |
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Emission |
Light can come from something |
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Reflection |
Light can bounce off something |
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If something is red then what is happening to the light |
All other colors are being absorbed except for red which is being reflected |
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The visible light spectrum |
Roy G Biv |
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What is radiation when referring to light |
Light can be radiated in the form of rays from an emitter |
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What does wavelength decide |
Color |
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What is the formula for frequency |
Frequency equals speed / wavelength |
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Is light a particle or a wave |
Both it has particle like characteristics and wave characteristics. Called photons |
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Photons |
The wave / parts of light. They have no Mass only energy |
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The electromagnetic radiation scale |
Has more than just light. The higher the energy the higher the frequency |
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What are the different parts of the electromagnetic radiation scale |
Gamma rays x-rays ultraviolet visible infrared microwaves radio. Gamma has the highest energy radio has the lowest |
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Excited electrons |
When an electron absorbs a photon it moves up an energy level. When an electron emits a photon it moves down energy level |
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How do excited molecules relax |
They either break apart by breaking bonds They give off heat Or they give off light |
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Emissions when referring too excited electrons |
This is one an electron goes back to the ground state and emits a photon in the form of light emission |
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Fluorescent |
When a molecule is excited from light and then emits light at a lower energy level. So think of black lights and how your white shirt will admit like |
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How can atoms and molecules be studied |
By their absorption and emission spectrum |
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How are absorption is quantized |
Atoms and molecules will only absorb certain types of Lights. So if you know which way the electrons moving here to the ground stay away from the ground state you can figure out the absorption spectra |
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How are emissions quantized |
You can see the different wavelengths on a film or a detector. This shows what light is being emitted |
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Analyzing light (spectroscopy) |
Absorption or emission Spectra can tell you what an atom or molecule is by the absorbed or emitted light |
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MRIS |
Aitype of spectroscopy. Magnetic resonance imaging. This is the use of Photon interacting with nuclei to make an atom flip using a magnet. |
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Another name for MRIS |
Nuclear magnetic resonance. |
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Lasers are special light in meters |
Lasers emit concentrated light. They're coherent which means it's all one wavelength. It's light being Amplified with a particle reflector |
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What kind of light do lasers email |
Coherent meaning one wavelength in the phase. All one color |
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How are lasers used in medicine |
Laser surgery because they can break down certain molecules. Also depigmentation of tattoos by the selective destruction of pigment molecules only |
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Radiation is not all light |
Radiation is also from radioactive emission. When molecules start to break down they radiate |
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The three types of radiation from isotopes |
Alpha radiation Beta radiation Gamma radiation( this one is on the electromagnetic radiation scale) |
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Radioactivity is emitted from what |
Unstable nuclei |
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Strong forces |
A nuclear force that holds the protons together |
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Weak forces |
A nuclear force that keeps neutrons bound in the nucleus |
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Unstable isotopes |
They have the wrong number of neutrons. This leads to radioactive decay in hopes of becoming more stable. |
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Radioactive emitters |
When an unstable nucleus decays and emits radiation. This radiation is the form of the emitted particles |
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Alpha radiation |
A parent nucleus break apart to a daughter nucleus and an alpha particle. There is no loss of protons or neutrons |
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Alpha particle |
A helium nucleus with no electrons. An atomic weight of 4 and with two protons |
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Beta radiation |
It's when a nucleus takes a neutron and changes it into a protron electron pair and then loses the electron as a beta particle |
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Beta particle |
Electron or a positron emitted. Positron is the same thing as an electron it's just means the charge is different |
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Gamma radiation |
This is when an unstable isotope and it's a very high-energy photons. The photon is called a gamma particle. It's a kind of light but it's not visible |
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Gamma particle |
A high-energy Photon emitted from an unstable isotope |
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Look over the symbols for alpha beta and gamma radiation |
Cuz or not in this text |
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Radioactive decay |
Measured in half life |
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Stochastic |
You can't guarantee which atoms are going to decay in any amount of that item that you have. But you can know the probability of one half of it will be paid by a certain time. Did you just can't know which half |
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Example of radioactive decay |
1000 Adams with Half-Life decay of 24.1 days. 24.1 =500 48.2= 250 |
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How do we know the Earth's age |
By using the half life of uranium. Which tells us that it's 4.5 billion years old |
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Carbon dating |
C14 decays and can be used 2 date things that are a few thousand years old |
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3 main types of nuclear reactions |
Radioactive decay Fission Fusion |
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What was the professors imaginary friend |
A cowboy |
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History of fission |
Scientist took uranium and hit it with neutrons. They wanted to make a heavier element but really what happened was the element split |
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Fission |
The splitting of an element into two lighter elements |
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A nuclear chain reaction |
You take one element hit it with a neutron until it splits and releases more neutrons I had that same element and make that one split and continue onward |
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Nuclear Power Plant |
Nuclear reactor that is controlled fission and used to create energy. |
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Nuclear bombs |
Atom bombs. Unmitigated and uncontrolled nuclear chain reactions |
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Control rod |
Used in a nuclear power reactor that absorbs neutrons to a certain amount to keep from an explosion |
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Fusion |
Fusing nucleus together to make bigger nuclei. It has a greater release of energy |
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What kind of elements fuse |
Lighter elements that are unstable. If an atom it's stable it won't fuse |
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Check your notes on mass defect energy |
It's basically when you take two hydrogen atoms together to image an alpha particle,a neutron and energy |
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Mass defect definition |
This is where some of the massoven element is turned into Pure Energy |
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Why are thermonuclear bombs more powerful then atomic bombs |
A lot of energy is created by a small amount of mass because the mass of x x the speed of light squared. |
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Radiation and its effect on the human health |
Radiation can damage cells in the human body but it can also be used to fight off cancer by destroying specific cells |
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Nucleosynthesis |
Nuclear reactions make elements. In nature as the hydrogen becomes helium and helium becomes heavier elements. And in the lab as people make them on purpose |
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Where do humans get the most radiation exposure |
From natural sources such as radon gas from the Earth and leftover Cosmic radiation and internal radiation from the body |
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Nuclear medicine |
We use radiation in visualizing and imagery. Such as pet scans. You put certain radioactive substances into the body and see where they collect outlining specific parts |
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Energy is what |
The capacity to do work |
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Work is what |
Force x distance |
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What are some different forms of energy |
Kinetic (motion and heat), light, sound, gravitational potential energy , voltage potential energy |
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Calorie |
This is one kilocalorie. It takes .001 amount of energy to raise 1 gram of Water by 1 degree Celsius |
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calorie |
It takes one of this measurement of energy 2 raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius |
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Power is what |
Energy / time |
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What is the common unit of power |
A watt. 1 watt equals 1 J/s |
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The energy sector |
This is how humans as a society use energy to perform work. There are many parts such as industrial residential commercial and transportation |
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Where do energy units come from |
They are from the measurement of work. The calories are from Heat Angela from Newtons of course |
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What are the two important thermodynamic laws |
Conservation of energy Entropy |
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Conservation of energy |
You can't destroy energy from the universe and you can't bring energy into existence from nothing |
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Entropy |
There's no such thing as a perfect transfer of energy. Some of the energy will be lost to the universe |
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Heat tax |
This has to do with entropy. You will lose heat energy during an energy transfer. That's why you can't have a perfect energy transfer |
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What is Earth's ultimate energy source |
The Sun |
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Combustion |
We get a lot of energy from combustion . mainly from petroleum natural gases and coal. These all have a limited amount though |
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The sun has a lot of energy |
Basically everything gets its energy from the Sun. This is why solar power have a lot of potential as a renewable energy source |
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Hydroelectric energy |
Using dams 2 use the kinetic energy from water to turn turbines to make electric energy |
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Wind energy |
Use of kinetic energy but turning turbines to create electric energy |
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Dam energy amounts |
Currently about 3% of the US Energy. Could provide a maximum of about 25% |
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Wind energy amounts |
Currently about 5% of the US Energy. Could potentially provide all energy needs butt there are complications |
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Biomass |
Chemical energy. |
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Amount a biomass use |
Currently about .3% of US Energy. Could provide a maximum of 33% |
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Renewable energy sources |
Biomass geothermal hydropower Solar Wind |
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Non-renewable energy |
Oil Natural Gas Coal Uranium |
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Secondary energy sources |
The things like electricity or hydrogen. You don't get this energy directly you get it from a different source and turn it into this |
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Solar energy power Towers |
Twice as expensive coal uses mirrors |
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Parabolic trough |
Another way to gather sun energy that uses mirrors |
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How do we store the energy We Gather from the Sun |
In batteries are in chemical energy |
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Geothermal energy |
Heat from the Earth. Areas with volcanic energy |
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Amount of geothermal energy |
About .3%. Could be a maximum of 12% |
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Nuclear energy as a power source |
Using nuclear power plants and vision to gather energy |
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Amount of nuclear power plants |
8%. Could be all of our power needs but it's not renewable |
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Breeder reactors |
This is where there is a chain every action that continued on that increases the uranium Reserves but it has a byproduct that is used in nuclear weapons so it's not allowed in the US |
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Why does conservation matter |
There's not an unlimited supply of energy in the universe. If we wish to make the amount we have left we need to conserve it. |
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Challenges of solar energy |
Concentration Storage |
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Challenges of geothermal energy |
Environmental issues Location |
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Challenges of hydroelectric power |
Location Environment |
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Challenges of biomass |
Impact the food supply Creates greenhouse gases |
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Challenges of wind power |
Consistency Storage |
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How to conserve energy |
Decrease the number of steps Better insulation Smarta technology |
