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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a pure substance? |
A substance that contains a single component, and has a constant composition regardless of the sample size. |
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What is a mixture? |
Matter composed of more than one component. |
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What is a heterogeneous mixture? |
It doesn't have a uniform composition throughout a sample. |
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What is a homogeneous mixture? |
It has a uniform composition throughout a sample. |
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What is a solution? |
It is a homogeneous mixture that contains small particles. Liquid solutions are transparent. |
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What is a solute? |
The substance present in the lesser amount in a solution. |
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What is a solvent? |
The substance present in the larger amount in a solution. |
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What is an aqueous solution? |
A solution with water as the solvent. |
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What is a colloid? |
A homogeneous mixture with larger particles, often having an opaque appearance. |
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What is a suspension? |
A heterogeneous mixture that contains larger particles suspended in a liquid. They do not dissolve in liquid. |
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What is an electrolyte? |
A substance that conducts electric current in water. |
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What is a nonelectrolyte? |
A substance that does not conduct an electric current in water. |
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What is a strong electrolyte? |
It dissociates completely to form ions when dissolved in water. |
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What is a weak electrolyte? |
It dissolves in water to yield largely uncharged molecules, but a fraction of the molecules form ions. |
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What is an equivalent? |
The number of moles of charge that a mole of ions contributes to a solution. The number of equivalents per mole of an ion equals the charge on the ion. |
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What is solubility? |
It is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent, usually reported in grams of solute per 100 mL of solution. |
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What is unsaturated? |
A solution that has less than the maximum number of grams of solute. |
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What is saturated? |
A solution that has the maximum number of grams of solute that can dissolve. |
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Most ionic and polar covalent compounds are _____ in water, a _______ ______. |
soluble, polar solvent |
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Nonpolar compounds are _____ in _____ solvents. |
soluble, nonpolar. |
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What is an ion-dipole interaction? |
The attraction of an ion with a dipole in a molecule. |
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What is solvation? |
The process of surrounding particles of a solute with solvent molecules.
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When solvation releases more energy than that required to separate particles, the overall process is ______. |
Exothermic (heat is released) |
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When the separation of particles requires more energy than is released during solvation, the process is ______. |
Endothermic (heat is absorbed) |
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For most ionic and molecular solids, solubility generally ______ as temperature increases. |
Increases |
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What is a supersaturated solution? |
A solution that contains more than the predicted maximum amount of solute at given temperature. |
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The solubility of gases ______ with increasing temperature. |
decreases |
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What is Henry's law? |
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. |
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The higher the pressure, the ______ the solubility of gas in a solvent. |
higher |
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What is concentration? |
How much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solution. - Weight/volume percent concentration - (w/v)% = mass of solute (g)/volume of solution (mL) x 100% - Volume/volume percent concentration - (v/v)% = volume of solute (mL)/volume of solution (mL) x 100% -Parts per million ppm = those equations x 10^6 |
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What is the concentration of molarity? |
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity = M = moles of solute (mol)/liter of solution (L) |
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What is dilution? |
The addition of solvent to decrease the concentration of solute. moles of solute = molarity x volume mol = MV M1V1 = M2V2 C1V1 = C2V2 |
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What is a semipermeable membrane? |
A membrane that allows water and small molecules to pass across, but ions and large molecules cannot. |
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What is osmosis? |
The passage of solvent (usually water) across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration. |
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What is osmotic pressure? |
The pressure that prevents the flow of additional solvent into a solution on one side of a semipermeable membrane. |
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What does isotonic mean? |
Two solutions with the same osmotic pressure. |
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What is a hypotonic solution? |
It has lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
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What is a hypertonic solution? |
It has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids. |
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What is hemolysis? |
The swelling and rupture of red blood cells. |
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What is crenation? |
When a cell shrinks. |
