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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is chemistry? |
It is the study of matter - its composition, properties, and transformation. |
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What is matter? |
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume. |
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What are the two categories matter is split into? |
1. Naturally occurring 2. Synthetic
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What is naturally occurring matter? |
It is isolated from natural sources. Ex. cotton, sand, an apple, and digoxin (drug). |
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What is synthetic matter? |
They are produced by chemists in the laboratory. Ex. Nylon, Styrofoam, the plastic used in pop bottles, ibuprofen. |
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What are the three common states matter exists in? |
1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas |
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What is solid matter? |
It has a definite volume, and maintains its shape regardless of the container in which it is placed. The particles of a solid lie close together, and are arranged in a regular three-dimensional array. |
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What is liquid matter? |
It has a definite volume, but takes on the shape of the container it occupies. The particles of a liquid are close together, but they can randomly move around, sliding past one another. |
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What is gas matter? |
It has no definite shape or volume. The particles move randomly and are separated by a distance much larger than their size. They expand to fill the volume and assume the shape of whatever container they are put in. |
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What are physical properties of matter? |
They are those that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the material. Ex. melting point (mp), boiling point (bp), solubility, color, and odor. |
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What is a physical change? |
It alters a substance without changing its composition. Ex. changes in state. |
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What are chemical properties? |
They are those that determine how a substance can be converted to another substance. |
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What is a chemical change/reaction? |
It converts one material to another. Ex. conversion of hydrogen and oxygen to water. |
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All matter can be classified as either a: |
1. Pure substance or 2. Mixture |
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What is a pure substance? |
It is composed of a single component and has a constant composition, regardless of the sample size and the origin of the sample. * It cannot be broken down to other pure substances by any physical change. |
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What is a mixture? |
It is composed of more than one substance. The composition of a mixture can vary depending on the sample. *It can be separated into its components by physical changes. |
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A pure substance is classified as either an: |
1. Element or 2. Compound |
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What is an element? |
It is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction. |
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What is a compound? |
It is a pure substance formed by chemically combining (joining together) two or more elements. |
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What are the common prefixes used for metric units? |
Giga- G Billion 10^9 Mega- M Million 10^6 Kilo- k 1000 10^3 Deci- d 0.1 10^-1 Centi- c 0.01 10^-2 Milli- m 0.001 10^-3 Micro- u Millionth 10^-6 Nano- n Billionth 10^-9 |
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What is mass? |
It is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. |
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What is weight? |
It is the force that matter feels due to gravity. |
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What is the base unit of length in the metric system? |
Meter (m). |
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What is the base unit of mass in the metric system? |
Gram (g). |
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What is the base unit of volume in the metric system? |
Liter (L). |
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Numbers used in chemistry are either: |
1. Exact or 2. Inexact |
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What is an exact number? |
It results from counting objects or is part of a definition. Ex. Our bodies have 10 fingers. |
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What is an inexact number? |
It results from a measurement or observation and contains some uncertainty. |
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What are significant figures? |
They are all the digits in a measured number including one estimated digit. |
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Rules to determine the number of significant figures: |
1. All nonzero digits are always signficant 2. A zero counts as a significant figure when it occurs: - between two nonzero digits or - at the end of a number with a decimal point 3. A zero does not count as a significant figure when it occurs: - At the beginning of a number or - At the end of a number that does not have a decimal point |
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Rules to using significant figures: |
1. In multiplication and division, the answer has the same number of significant figures as the original number with the fewest significant figures. 2. In addition and subtraction, the answer has the same number of decimal places as the original number with the fewest decimal places. |
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What is scientific notation? |
- A number is written as y x 10^x - Y is the coefficient, it is a number between 1 and 10 - The value x is an exponent, which can be any positive or negative whole number. |
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What is a conversion factor? |
A term that converts quantity in one unit to a quantity in another unit. |
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What is temperature? |
It is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. |
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How is temperature measured? |
1. Fahrenheit 2. Celsius 3. Kelvin |
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What is boiling point of water in all measures? |
212 F 100 C 373 K |
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What is normal body temperature in all measures? |
98.6 F 37 C 310 K |
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What is freezing point of water in all measures? |
32 F 0 C 273 K |
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What is absolute zero in all measures? |
-460 F -273 C 0 K |
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What is density? |
It is a physical property that relates the mass of a substance to its volume. |
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What is specific gravity? |
It is a quantity that compares the density of a substance with the density of water at 4 C. |
