Chem 2 Vocab

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe

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Chemical Change

Back 2

processes in which one or more substances are converted into another substance; also called chemical reactions

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Physical Change

Back 3

Changes (such as a phase change) that occur with no change in chemical compostition

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Intensive property

Back 4

A property that is independent of the amount of material considered, for example, density

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Extensive property

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A property that depends on the amount of material considered; for example, mass or volume

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Physical Property

Back 6

Properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance, for example, color and freezing point

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Chemical property

Back 7

Properties that describe a substance's compostition and its reactivity; how the substance reacts or changes into other substances

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Element

Back 8

A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

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Compound

Back 9

A substance composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions

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Mixture

Back 10

A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity

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Pure substance

Back 11

Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties

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Homogeneous mixture

Back 12

A mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout.

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Heterogeneous mixture

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A heterogeneous mixture is made of different substances that remain physically separate. Heterogeneous mixtures always have more than one phase (regions with uniform composition and properties). A mixture of sand and sugar is a heterogeneous mixture.

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Distillation

Back 14

the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.

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Filtration

Back 15

the action or process of filtering something.

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Paper chromatography

Back 16

is an analytical method technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are or can be coloured, especially pigments.

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John Dalton

Back 17

Father of atomic theory

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J.J. Thomson

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Proposed that the atom consisted of a uniform postitive sphere of matter in which electrons were embedded

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Robert Millikan

Back 19

Measured charge of electron

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Henri Becquerel

Back 20

Discovered the spontaneous emission of radiation from uranium

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Ernest Rutherford

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Revealed three types of radiation; proposed small, extremely dense region of atom called nucleus

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James Chadwick

Back 22

Discovered neutrons

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Atom

Back 23

the smallest representative particle of an element

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Nucleus

Back 24

the very small, very dense, positively charged portion of an atom; it is composed of protons and neutrons

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Atomic Number

Back 25

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom an element

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Mass number

Back 26

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a particular atom

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Isotopes

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Atoms of the same element containing different numbers of neutrons and therefore having different masses

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Atomic mass unit

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A unit based on teh value of exactly 12 amu for the mass of the isotope of carbon that has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in the nucleus

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Atomic mass

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Number of protons in an atom

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Proton

Back 30

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom

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Neutron

Back 31

Neutral atom with no charge

Front 32

Electron

Back 32

Elementary particle with a negative charge of negligible mass

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Periodic Table

Back 33

The arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, with elements having similar properties place in vertical columns

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Molecule

Back 34

Substance composed of two or more atoms which are covalently bonded to each other

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Ionic compound

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A compound composed of cations and anions

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Ions

Back 36

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms

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Empirical formula

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A chemical formula that shows the kinds of atoms and their relative numbers in a substance in the smallest possible whole-number ratios

Front 38

Molecular formula

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A chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance

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Monatomic ion

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A single, electrically charged atom

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Cation

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Positively charged ion

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Anion

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Negatively charged ion

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Polyatomic Ion

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An electrically charged group of two or more atoms

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Binary acid

Back 43

molecular compounds in which hydrogen is combined with a second nonmetallic element.

Front 44

Stoichiometry

Back 44

The relationships among the quantities of reactants and products involved in chemical reactions

Front 45

Chemical reaction

Back 45

Processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances

Front 46

Chemical equation

Back 46

A representation of a chemical reaction using the chemical reaction using the chemical formulas of the reactants and products; a balanced chemical equation contains equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation

Front 47

Reactant

Back 47

A starting substance in a chemical reaction; it appears to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation

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Product

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A substance produced in a chemical reaction; it appears to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation

Front 49

Composition (synthesis reaction)

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In a synthesis reaction two or more chemical species combine to form a more complex product.

A + B → AB

Front 50

Decomposition

Back 50

separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds.

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Combustion

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chemical reaction chemical that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing agent that produces energy, usually in the form of heat and light.

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Avogadro's number

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the number of c-12 atoms in exactly 12 grams of c-12; it equals 6.022x10^23

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Mole

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A collection of Avogadro's number of objects; for example, a mole of H2O is 6.022x10^23 H2O molecules

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Molar mass

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The mass of one mole of a substance in grams; it is numerically equal to the formula weight in atomic mass units

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Percent composition

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The percent composition of a component in a compound is the percent of the total mass of the compound that is due to that component. in the compound using the periodic table or a molecular mass calculator.

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Hydrate

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substance that contains water or its elements.

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Limiting reactant

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The reactant present in teh smallest stoichiometric quantity in a mixture of reactants; the amount of product that can form is limited by the complete consumption of the limiting reactant

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Excess reactant

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Remaining reactant at the end of a reaction

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Theoretical yield

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The quantity of product that is calculated to form when all of the limiting reagent reacts

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Actual yield

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Amount of a specified pure product actually obtained from a given reaction.

Front 61

Percent yield

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The ratio of the actual (experimental) yield of a product to its theoretical (calculated) yield, multiplied by 100

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Hygroscopic

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the ability of a substance to attract and hold water molecules from the surrounding environment.

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Deliquescent

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becoming liquid or having a tendency to become liquid.

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Efflorescent

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loses water to the atmosphere