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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When presented with the masses of two reactants, and asked to provide the amount of __________ produced, what procedure should you undertake? |
- You need to complete two separate mass-mass calculations (one for each reactant). - The answer will be the lesser amount produced (g of _____), as the lesser answer will indicate which reactant is the limiting reactant. |
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Solution: |
Homogeneous Mixture - same properties throughout one sample. |
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Solute. |
- Refers to the dissolved substance - volume is always less than that of the solvent - can be: gas, liquid, solid. |
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Solvent: |
- The substance of greater volume in a solution |
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Does temperature affect solubility? |
YES increased temp: = decreased solubility of gases = increased solubility of solids |
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Does pressure affect solubility? |
YES - specifically regarding gas in a solution (increased pressure leads to increased solubility) |
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True or false? Every living thing carries out chemical reactions in an aqueous solution |
TRUE |
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What is a Polar Solvent? |
Refers to a liquid made up of Polar Molecules (i.e. H2O = polar molecule, because the O is more electronegative than the H..thus water is a polar solvent) |
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What is a general rule of thumb for polar solvents? are there any exceptions? |
- Typically molecules containing Oxygen are Polar Solvents > however there are exceptions... i.e. Ethyl Ether: C4H10O |
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Name at least 4 common Non-Polar Solvents. |
- Hexane: C6H14 - Heptane: C7H16 - Toluene: C7H8 - Carbon Tetrachloride: CCl4 - Chloroform: CHCl3 - Methylene Chloride: CH2Cl2 - Ethyl Ether: C4H10O |
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What does miscible mean? |
Refers to two solvents having the ability to completely dissolve in one another - Only like solvents can be miscible (i.o.w water and hexane are not miscible, as one is polar and the other is not) |
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What does immiscible mean? |
When two solvents are not miscible > i.e. water and oil (they typically separate) |
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What is an example of two miscible solvents? |
Water and ethanol |
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Can a solvent dissolve with an immiscible solvent? |
Sometimes, AND only partially i.e. Ethyl Ether can dissolve up to 7% in water (7% solubility) |
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Why does sugar dissolve in water so readily? |
Because sugar is a polar solute and water is a polar solvent. The opposing polarity causes the particles to have an attraction for each other... this is why sugar will begin to dissolve and disperse in water without much energy input |
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Why does heating a solution increase the rate of solute dissolving? |
Because the solvent particles have more kinetic energy and they come in contact with the solute particles more frequently |
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What is a saturated solution? |
A solution containing the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature |
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What is the solubility of sugar with water? |
100g/100g |
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What is the solubility of table salt with water (NaCl)? |
> 40 g NaCl / 100 g H2O @100 deg. celcius > 35 g NaCl/100 g H2O @ 20 deg celcius |
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Is 100 g sugar dissolved in 100 g H2O @ 75 deg. celcius a saturated solution? |
NO! it is unsaturated... because the solubility of sugar at 75 deg celcius is closer to 115 g/100g H2O |
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What is a supersaturated solution? What is an example? |
When a solution contains more dissolved solute than dissolves under ordinary conditions at a given temperature. > i.e. if you make simple syrup, using more sugar than water, then allow it to cool... it will be a supersaturated solution... because the sugar will remain in solution after it cools... if you add a sugar crystal it will begin to crystalize the solution |
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What is an alloy? |
A metal solute dissolved in a metal solvent. >Typically a solid solute dissolved in a solid solvent (i.e. sterling silver; Cu dissolved in Ag) > However, some metals are liquid (i.e. Hg) |
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What are three methods to increase the rate of dissolving a solid in a liquid? |
> Grinding solute > Heating solution > Stirring solution |
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Identify this functional group -C=O |
ketone |
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Identify and note on unique features: H-C-=O |
Aldehyde -Always on the end of a molecule |
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identify and note on unique features: OH-C--O |
Carboxylic Acid (these alter the name of their molecule) |
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identify and note on unique features: O=C--O-C--- |
ester (O=C--O) -O in the middle with a double bond O as its own functional group |
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NH2-C--- |
Amine |
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identify and note on unique features: NH2-C-=O |
Amide (same as amine, but also has a double bond to an O) |
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identify and note on unique features: OH-C--- |
Alcohol (alters name of its molecule) |
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identify and note on unique features: <>-OH |
Phenol |
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identify and note on unique features: C----O-C--- |
ether |
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X-C--- |
organic halide |
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If you had to adjust the pressure and the temperature of a solution to increase its solubility with a gaseous solvent, how would you do it? |
Raise the pressure; lower the temperature |
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True or False? Decreasing the pressure and increasing the temperature of a solution will increase its solubility in reference to solids. |
False; decreasing the pressure does not increase solubility with solids. |
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What defines a salt? |
a substance containing a metal and a nonmetal |
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What is the definition of a Bronstead Lowry acid? |
Substance that acts as a proton donor |
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What is the name for a 6 carbon ring and what hydrocarbon category does it belong to? What hydrocarbon family does it belong to? |
Benzene ring! > it is an Arene (not Alkyne/ene) > belongs to Aromatic family ( not saturated/unsat) |
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What is the name for the side bond with formula C3H7? |
Propyl group (Methyl=1, ethyl =2, propyl=3) |
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Can an alkyne be saturated? |
No |
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Enzymes speed up/catalyze chemical reactions by ___________________________ |
Lowering the activation of energy |
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The fatty acids of a lipid have which functional group? |
Carboxylic acid |
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The glycerol of a lipid has what functional group? |
Aldehyde--- produces water when it joins to the c-acid |
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What functional groups bond during formation of a lipid and what is produced? |
Carboxylic acid (fatty acid) bonds with hydroxyl (glycerol), which forms the lipid and produced H2O (dehydration reaction) |
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What is thr difference (structurally) between DNA and RNA? |
RNA = hydroxyl functional group DNA = no hydroxyl (just a lonely hydrogen) |
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What is the name for a 6 carbon ring and what hydrocarbon category does it belong to? What hydrocarbon family does it belong to? |
Benzene ring! > it is an Arene (not Alkyne/ene) > belongs to Aromatic family ( not saturated/unsat) |
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What is the name for the side bond with formula C3H7? |
Propyl group (Methyl=1, ethyl =2, propyl=3) |
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Can an alkyne be saturated? |
No |
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Enzymes speed up/catalyze chemical reactions by ___________________________ |
Lowering the activation of energy |
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The fatty acids of a lipid have which functional group? |
Carboxylic acid |
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The glycerol of a lipid has what functional group? |
Hydroxyl |
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What functional groups bond during formation of a lipid and what is produced? |
Carboxylic acid (fatty acid) bonds with hydroxyl (glycerol), which forms the lipid and produced H2O (dehydration reaction) |
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What is thr difference (structurally) between DNA and RNA? |
RNA = hydroxyl functional group DNA = no hydroxyl (just a lonely hydrogen) |
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what is the difference between a binary acid and a ternary oxyacid? |
binary acid has just a hydrogen and a non-metal; whereas ternary oxyacids have a hydrogen and a polyatomic (also known as an oxyanion) |
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how do we name binary acids? |
hydro __________-ic acid |
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how do we name ternary ocyacids? |
ate-ic; ite-ous |
