Chem 16

Front 1

In which cells do mitochondria not produce ATP?

Back 1

RBCs and terminal keratinocytes

Front 2

Describe the DNA of mitochondria

Back 2

Circular, like bacteria

Front 3

Are mitochondria fixed in location?

Back 3

No, they move to sites where energy consumption is high

Front 4

Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria

Back 4

1) smooth outer membrane, w/ porins [let small molecules in] 2) receptors for polypeptides

Front 5

Describe the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

Back 5

Contains enzymes (kinases) which use ATP gnerated in inner membrane

Front 6

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Back 6

1) rich in cardiolipin [makes it inpermiable to protons/ions] 2) many folds [cristae] increase surface area 3) 3 types of proteins -> electron chain transport, ATP synthase, and transport proteins

Front 7

Describe the matrix of the mitochondria

Back 7

Contains the enzymes for Krebs cycle, metabolism of pyruvate, and fatty-acid oxidation

Front 8

Describe mitochondria proteins coded by nuclear DNA

Back 8

1) some proteins in mitochondria coded by nuclear DNA 2) possess specific protein targeting sequence for entrance into mitochondria

Front 9

Generally describe cellular respiration

Back 9

Electrons [w/ H] are removed from fuels and channeled through coenzymes [regenerating NAD, etc.] The energy of these electrons is transfered to proton pumps that create a electrochemical gradient that drives ATPsynthase

Front 10

List the pathways linked in cellular respiration

Back 10

1) aerobic glycolysis 2) Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 3) Citric acid cycle 4) Electron transport chain 5) oxidative phosphorolation

Front 11

List the steps in glycolysis

Back 11

Glucose -> Glucose-6p -> fructose-6p -> fructose-1,6p -> glyceraldehyde-3p -> 1,3phosphoglycerate -> 3-phosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate -> phosphenolpyruvate -> pyruvate

Front 12

At what step is glycolysis commited?

Back 12

Step 3 [Fructose-6p -> Fructose-1,6p]. Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP and citrate, activated by AMP

Front 13

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 13

In the cytosol

Front 14

What is NAD+ (function)

Back 14

Electron [H] acceptor. It is reduced [gains two electrons]

Front 15

What is the net ATP profit of glycolysis?

Back 15

2 ATP [4 produced, 2 used]

Front 16

What are the two kinds of fermentation?

Back 16

1) alcoholic 2) pyruvate -> lactic acid

Front 17

Describe the reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Back 17

Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactate + NAD+ (this regeneration of NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue; occurs largely in muscle tissue)

Front 18

How much ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration?

Back 18

2 ATP

Front 19

What is the fate of lactate?

Back 19

It diffuses into the liver, where it is converted into glycogen

Front 20

Write the overall formula for anaerobic glycolysis

Back 20

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi = 2 lactate + 2 ATP

Front 21

Write the overall formula for aerobic glycolysis

Back 21

glucose + 2 ADP + 2 pi + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

Front 22

Describe the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Back 22

1) catalyzes rate-limiting step for krebs cycle 2) inhibited by NADH 3) many coenzymes (CoA, Flavin, NAD+, etc.) 4) multienzyme complex (dehydrogenase, decarboxylase)

Front 23

Describe the malate-aspartate shuttle

Back 23

NADH + oxaloacetate -> malate, antiported into cell w/ a-ketogluterate. malate drops off its H-, becomes oxaloacetate again, and is transanimated to form aspartate [at the same time converting glutamate to alpha-ketogluterate]. Aspartate is antiported out of the cell w/ glutamate

Front 24

Describe the glycerol phosphate shuttle

Back 24

A transport mechanism here NADH in cytosol is transfered to FADH in the matrix

Front 25

What do the electron shuttling mechanism mean in terms of energy production

Back 25

Eukaryotes make 3 ATP for every 2 molecules of NADH

Front 26

How many pairs of electrons are transfered in each krebs cycle?

Back 26

4 pairs (3 NADH and 1 FADH)

Front 27

What is acetyl CoA produced from?

Back 27

1) Pyruvate from glycolysis 2) Fatty acids

Front 28

Where is CO2 produced in cellular respiration?

Back 28

In the citric acid cycle, in the mitochondria

Front 29

Give a general overview of the electron transport chain

Back 29

electrons transported from lower to higher electron affinity, regenerating NAD+, powering proton pump

Front 30

What structural features do all transport proteins possess?

Back 30

1) multisubunit enzyme 2) prosthetic group w/ metal ions that accept/donate electrons 3) proteins that facilitate proton movement

Front 31

What are cytochromes?

Back 31

Colored proteins that possess heme prosthtic group w/ central Fe (held by four nitrogen atoms)

Front 32

What is ubiquinone?

Back 32

A small hydrophobic molecule in membrane, simplest of electron carriers

Front 33

What are the mobile carriers that move between the protein complexes?

Back 33

Cytochrome C and ubiquinone

Front 34

Where do electrons come from in the electron transport chain? Where do they go?

Back 34

They come from NADH/FADH2 (each delivers 2), and go to oxygen (w/ 2 hydrogens = H2O)

Front 35

Complexes I, III, and IV act as ...

Back 35

proton pumps (Pump 4,4, and 2 protons, respectively)

Front 36

Is the electrochemical gradient more electrical or concentration?

Back 36

Concentration (3/4)

Front 37

Describe the F0 subunit of ATP synthase

Back 37

Membrane-spanning subunit (pore), 3 peptides

Front 38

Describe the F1 subunit of ATP synthase

Back 38

"spindle" of ATP synthase -> As it rotates d/t proton flow, ADP + Pi -> ATP

Front 39

How many ATP are produced per turn?

Back 39

3

Front 40

How many H are needed to turn ATP synthase 1 revolution?

Back 40

10

Front 41

How many many protons are necessary to make one ATP in atp synthase?

Back 41

4 (3 for rotation, one d/t cost of ADP->ATP [one H antiported to import ADP and Pi)

Front 42

What drives the overall reaciton in the electron transport/oxidative phosphorolation reaction?

Back 42

The exergonic OH- + H+ -> H2O

Front 43

What molecules are formed/used in glycolysis? What are their ATP equivalents?

Back 43

-2 ATP; 4 ATP formed; 2 NADH + H+ [=3 ATP in eukaryotes]

Front 44

What molecules are formed/used in pyruvate dehydrogenase? What are their ATP equivalents?

Back 44

2 NADH + H+ [=5 ATP]

Front 45

What molecules are formed/used in Kreb's cycle? What are their ATP equivalents?

Back 45

6 NADH+H+ [=15 ATP]; 2 GTP [=2 ATP]; 2 FADH2 [=3 ATP]

Front 46

What is the total amount of ATP formed in cellular respiration?

Back 46

30 ATP [eukaryotes]

Front 47

What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration?

Back 47

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 30 ADP + 30 Pi -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 30 ATP