Cards For Final: Notes From: 11/25 * 12/02 * 12/04 *and The Review That Dr. Abebe Did*

Front 1

DEFINE A CATALYST

Back 1

IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT INCREASES THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION W/O ITSELF BEING CONSUMED BY THE REACTION

Front 2

HOW DO CATALYSTS SPEED UP THE A CHEMICAL REACTION?

Back 2

BY DECREASING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY

Front 3

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A CATALYST THAT IS ASSOCIATED W/ OZONE DEPLETION?

Back 3

CHLORINE, AS IT IS THE CATALYST FOR THE REACTION FROM CFC'S DEPELETING THE OZONE LAYER.

Front 4

WHAT TASTE IS ASSOCIATED W/ ACIDS? WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES?

Back 4

ACIDS HAVE A SOUR TASTE // EX: CITRIC ACIDS, LIME LEMON ETC

Front 5

WHAT TASTE IS ASSOCIATED W/ BASES? WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES?

Back 5

BASES HAVE A BITTER TASTE AND SOME EXAMPLES: SODIUM HYDROXIDE & POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

Front 6

WHAT ARE THE TWO ACCEPTED DEFINTIONS OF ACIDS & BASES?

Back 6

#1= THE BRONSTED-LOWRY DEFINTION

#2= THE LEWIS DEFINITION

Front 7

SUMMARIZE THE BRONSTED DEFINTION

Back 7

FOCUSES ON HOW PROTONS BEHAVE AND HOW THEIR WILL CLASSIFY THE REACTION AS EITHER AN ACID OR A BASE

Front 8

SUMMARIZE THE LEWIS DEFINTION

Back 8

IS BASED ON HOW ELECTRON PAIRS AND FOCUSES ON LONE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS CAN DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS AN ACID OR A BASE

Front 9

UNDER THE BRONSTED-LOWRY DEF OF ACIDS & BASES, WHAT DEFINES AN ACID?

Back 9

AN ACID IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN DONATE HYDROGEN IONS. (H+) AKA PROTONS

Front 10

UNDER THE BRONSTED-LOWRY DEF OF ACIDS AND BASES, WHAT DEFINES A BASE?

Back 10

IS ANY CHEMICAL THAT ACCEPTS HYDROGEN IONS, (AKA PROTONS)

Front 11

USING THE BRONSTED-LOWRY DEF FOR THIS REACTION, WHAT IS CONSIDERED AN ACID:

HCL+ H2O --> CL- + H3O+

Back 11

THE HCL + H2O PART OF THE REACTION IS DEFINED AS AN ACID

Front 12

USING THE BRONSTED-LOWRY DEF FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION, WHAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A BASE?

NH3 + H2O --> NH4+ + OH-

Back 12

THE NH3 + H2O PART OF THE REACTION IS DEFINED AS A BASE AS WELL AS THE OH- WHICH IS A HYDROXIDE ION

Front 13

USING THE LEWIS DEF FOR ACIDS & BASES, WHAT IS THE DEF OF AN ACID?

Back 13

IS A SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS A PAIR OF ELECTRONS

Front 14

USING THE LEWIS DEF FOR ACIDS & BASES, WHAT IS THE DEF OF A BASE?

Back 14

IS A SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES A PAIR OF ELECTRONS

Front 15

USING THE LEWIS DEF FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION, WHAT WOULD BE THE ACID:

NH3 + BF3 --> H3N + -BF3

Back 15

BF3 IS THE ACID IN THE REACTION

Front 16

USING THE LEWIS DEF FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTION, WHAT WOULD BE THE BASE:

H2O + HCL --> H3O+ + CL-

Back 16

H2O IS THE BASE IN THE REACTION

Front 17

DEFINE AN ACID-BASE REACTION

Back 17

IS A NEUTRALIZATION REACTION

Front 18

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN: ACID-BASE REACTION?

Back 18

SALT AND WATER

Front 19

TRUE OR FALSE:

ONLY ACIDS ARE CORROSIVE

Back 19

FALSE!

BOTH ACIDS AND BASES CAN BE CORROSIVE! *RULE*

Front 20

DEFINE STRONG ACIDS & BASES

Back 20

STRONG ACIDS AND BASES ARE THOSE ACIDS AND BASES THAT DISSOCIATE 100% TO GIVE IONS IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION.

Front 21

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A WEAK ACID?

Back 21

ACETIC ACID IS A WEAK ACID

Front 22

TRUE OR FALSE:

ORGANIC ACIDS ARE ALL DEFINED AS STRONG ACIDS

Back 22

FALSE!

ORGANIC ACIDS ARE WEAK ACIDS

Front 23

TRUE OR FALSE:

CAN A SOLUTION BE ACIDIC, BASIC AND NEUTRAL?

Back 23

TRUE!

Front 24

DEFINE AN AMPHOTERIC SUBSTANCE

Back 24

IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN BEHAVE AS EITHER AN ACID OR A BASE

Front 25

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN AMPHOTERIC SUBSTANCE?

Back 25

WATER

Front 26

WHAT IS THE LOG FOR PURE WATER ON THE PH SCALE?

Back 26

[H3O+] = [OH-] AND IS EQUAL TO:

10*NEG SEVENTH POWER* -M

Front 27

DEFINE A NEUTRAL SOLUTION

Back 27

A SOLUTION IN WHICH THE HYDRONIUM ION CONCENTRATION IS EQUAL TO THE HYDROXIDE-ION CONCENTRATION.

Front 28

WHAT IS THE LOG FOR AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION?

Back 28

[H3O+] [OH-] = KW=10(*-14 POWER*)

Front 29

WHAT DOES KW STAND FOR IN A LOG?

Back 29

MEANS CONSTANT

Front 30

DEFINE AN ACIDIC SOLUTION

Back 30

IS A SOLUTION IN WHICH THE HYDRONIUM ION CONCENTRATION IS HIGHER THAN THE HYDROXIDE ION CONCENTRATION.

Front 31

DEFINE A BASIC SOLUTION

Back 31

IS A SOLUTION IN WHICH THE HYDROXIDE ION CONCENTRATION IS HIGHER THEN THE HYDRONIUM ION CONCENTRATION.

Front 32

MATCH THE LOG SUMMARY FOR A NEUTRAL SOLUTION, AN ACIDIC SOLUTION AND A BASIC SOLUTION FROM THE FOLLOWING:

A) [H3O+] = [OH-]

B) [H3O+] < [OH-]

C) [H3O+] > [OH-]

Back 32

#1 NEUTRAL SOL= A) [H3O+] = [OH-]

#2 ACIDIC SOL = C) [H3O+] > [OH-]

#3 BASIC SOL= B) [H3O+] < [OH-]

Front 33

WHAT IS THE PH SCALE?

Back 33

IT IS A NUMERICAL SCALE THAT IS USED TO EXPRESS THE ACIDITY OF A SOLUTION.

Front 34

WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR PH?

Back 34

PH= -LOG [H3O+]

Front 35

WHAT WOULD NEUTRAL BE ON THE PH SCALE? WHERE IS IT FOUND?

Back 35

A SOLUTION THAT IS THE NUMBER 7 IS NEUTRAL, AKA PURE WATER.

Front 36

EXERCISE FOR PH:

WHAT IS THE PH OF A SOLUTION THAT HAS A HYDRONIUM ION CONCENTRATION OF:

1 X 10*-9 POWER* M?

Back 36

ANSWER:

PH= -LOG [H3O+]

= -LOG (10*-9 POWER)

FINAL ANSWER:

9

Front 37

EXERCISE FOR PH:

WHAT IS THE PH OF A SOLUTION THAT HAS A HYDROXIDE ION CONCENTRATION OF:

1 X 10*-9 POWER* M?

Back 37

ANSWER:

[OH-]= 10*-4 POWER* M

[H3O+] [OH-] = 10*-14 POWER*

THEN MULTIPLY THE TWO AND (TWO NEG'S=POS) SO: FINAL ANSWER:

5

Front 38

DEFINE A BUFFER SOLUTION

Back 38

IS A SOLUTION THAT RESISTS LARGE CHANGES IN PH LEVELS MADE FROM EITHER A WEAK ACID AND ONE OF ITS SALTS OR A WEAK BASE AND ITS SALTS.

Front 39

!WHAT IS THE RULE FOR A SOLUTION THAT CONTAINS ACETIC ACID & SODIUM ACETATE?

Back 39

THE RULE=

THAT THE TWO TOGETHER CAN SERVE AS A BUFFER SOLUTION

Front 40

DEFINE ACID RAIN

Back 40

IS A TERM THAT IS USED FOR RAIN THAT HAS A PH THAT IS LESS THAN 5 ON THE SCALE

Front 41

DEFINE OXIDATION

Back 41

A REDUCTION REACTION THAT INVOLVES THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS, OR WHEN THEY LOSE OR GAIN ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS.

OR:

IONIC STATE BECOMES MORE POSITIVE, LOSES ELECTRONS, GAINS OXYGEN, LOSES HYDROGEN

Front 42

DEFINE REDUCTION

Back 42

IS THE OPPOSITE PROCESS OF OXIDATION, WHERE A REACTANT GAINS ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS.

OR:

IONIC STATE BECOMES MORE NEGATIVE, GAINS ELECTRONS, LOSES OXYGEN, GAINS HYDROGEN

Front 43

WHAT IS THE RULE FOR OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS?

Back 43

THE RULE IS:

THE TWO PROCESSES WILL ALWAYS OCCUR TOGETHER AT THE SAME TIME!

Front 44

WHAT IS THE ACRONYM FOR OXIDATION?

Back 44

OIL= OXIDATION IS LOSSING ELECTRONS

Front 45

WHAT IS THE ACRONYM FOR REDUCTION?

Back 45

RIG = REDUCTION IS GAINING ELECTRONS

Front 46

EXERCISE #1 FOR OXIDATION-REDUCTION:

*FIGURE OUT WHAT SUBSTANCE IS OXIDIZED AND WHAT IS REDUCED AND THE AGENTS FOR BOTH:

2NA(S) + CL2(G) --> 2NACL(S)

Back 46

SUB OXIDIZED= NA

SUB REDUCED= CL2

OXIDIZING AGENT= CL2

REDUCING AGENT= NA

Front 47

DEFINE A HALF-REACTION

Back 47

ONE HALF OF AN OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION, REPRESENTED BY AN EQUATION SHOWING ELECTRONS AS EITHER REACTANTS OR PRODUCTS.

Front 48

EXERCISE #2 FOR OXIDATION-REDUCTION:

IN THIS REACTION, IS CARBON OXIDIZED OR REDUCED:

CH4 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

Back 48

THE CARBON IS OXIDIZED BECAUSE IT LOST THE HYDROGEN AND GAINED OXYGEN!

Front 49

TRUE OR FALSE:

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS MUST ALWAYS BE BALANCED ONLY IN TERMS OF ATOMS

Back 49

FALSE, THE RULE IS: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS MUST ALWAYS BE BALANCED IN TERMS OF NOT ONLY ATOMS BUT ALSO IN THE CHARGES

Front 50

BALANCE THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL EQUATION IN TERMS OF ATOMS AND CHARGE:

FE3 + I- --> FE*+2 POWER* + 12*SUBSCRIPT*

Back 50

BALANCED:

2FE*+3* + 2I --> 2FE*2+* + 12*SUBSCRIPT*

Front 51

DEFINE ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Back 51

IT IS THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Front 52

DEFINE BATTERIES

Back 52

BATTERIES GENERATE ELECTRICITY BY USING OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS.

Front 53

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF BATTERIES?

Back 53

1) DISPOSABLE BATTERIES

2) RECHARGABLE BATTERIES

Front 54

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN: DISPOSABLE BATTERIES AND RECHARGABLE BATTERIES?

Back 54

RECHARGABLE BATTERIES ARE WHERE THE OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS ARE REVERSABLE

Front 55

DEFINE AN ELECTRODE

Back 55

IS ANY MATERIAL THAT CONDUCTS ELECTRONS INTO OR OUT OF A MEDIUM IN WHICH ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE OCCURING.

Front 56

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ELECTRODES

Back 56

1) CATHODE

2) ANAODE

Front 57

DEFINE A CATHODE

Back 57

THE ELECTRODES WHERE CHEMICALS ARE REDUCED.

Front 58

DEFINE AN ANODE

Back 58

THE ELECTRODE WHERE CHEMICALS ARE OXIDIZED.

Front 59

WHAT IS A FUEL CELL?

Back 59

THEY CONSUME FUEL TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY

Front 60

DEFINE A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Back 60

THE MOST DIRECT WAY OF CONVERTING SUNLIGHT TO ELECTRICITY & THEY RELY ON THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT, (WHICH IS THE ABILITY OF LIGHT TO KNOCK ELECTRONS AWAY FROM THE ATOMS IN AN OBJECT)

Front 61

DEFINE ELECTROLYSIS

Back 61

IS THE USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY TO PRODUCE A CHEMICAL CHANGE (CHEMICAL REACTIONS)

Front 62

WHAT IS THE STUDY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?

Back 62

IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY THAT STUDIES CARBON-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS.

Front 63

DEFINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Back 63

ANY COMPOUND THAT CONTAINS CARBON

Front 64

DEFINE HYDROCARBONS

Back 64

ARE COMPOUNDS WHICH CONTAIN ONLY CARBON AND HYDROGEN

Front 65

WHAT ARE THREE EXAMPLES OF HYDROCARBONS?

Back 65

1) METHANE

2) BUTANE

3) BENZENE

Front 66

WHAT IS A HYDROCARBON WITH A SINGLE BOND?

Back 66

ALKANES AND THEY ARE SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

Front 67

WHAT IS A HYDROCARBON WITH ONE OR MORE CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND

Back 67

ALKENES (THEY ARE ALSO UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS)

Front 68

WHAT IS A HYDROCARBON WITH ONE OR MORE CARBON-CARBON TRIPLE BOND?

Back 68

ALKYENES (THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS)

Front 69

WHAT IS A STRUCTURAL ISOMER?

Back 69

THEY ARE MOLECULES THAT HAVE THE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS

Front 70

WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURAL ISOMERS?

Back 70

1) N-BUTANE

2) ISOBUTANE

Front 71

DEFINE AN AROMATIC COMPOUND

Back 71

AN ORGANIC COMPOUND WHICH CONTAINS ONE OR MORE BENZENE RINGS IN THEIR STRUCTURE

Front 72

DEFINE A FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Back 72

IS A SPECIFIC COMBINATION OF ATOMS THAT BEHAVE AS A UNIT IN AN ORGANIC COMPOUND

Front 73

HOW ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CLASSIFIED?

Back 73

THEY ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS THEY CONTAIN.