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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MOVING ACROSS THE PERIODIC TABLE, WHAT INCREASES ? |
ELECTRONEGATIVITY |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS? |
1) POLAR 2) NON-POLAR |
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DEFINE A POLAR COVALENT BOND |
SEPARATION OF CHARGE-POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AND THE SHARING IS NOT EQUAL, SO THE CHARGE WILL BE NEGATIVE. |
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DEFINE A NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND |
A NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND IS A COVALENT BOND IN WHICH THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED EQUALLY. |
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WHAT IS A DIPOLE? |
A SEPARATION OF CHARGE THAT OCCURS IN A CHEMICAL BOND BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES IN THE ELECTRONEGATIVITES OF THE BONDED ATOMS. |
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IS THIS STATEMENT TRUE OR FALSE: THE GREATER THE DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY BETWEEN ELEMENTS, THE GREATER THE POLAR BOND BETWEEN THEM? |
YES, IT IS TRUE! |
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WHICH BOND IS MOST POLAR OF THESE: 1) B-H (2.04/2.2) OR 2) BE-F (1.57/3.98) OR 3) BE-CL (1.57/3.16) |
THE ANSWER IS #2- BE-F IS THE MOST POLAR AND THEN FOLLOWED BY: #3 AND THEN #1 |
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DEFINE MOLECULAR POLARITY |
THE POLARITY OF A MOLECULE DEPENDS ON THE POLARITY OF BONDS AND THE MOLECULAR SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE. |
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IS ELECTRONEGATIVITY TECHNICALLY A PERIODIC TREND? |
YES! |
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DO NON-METALS LOSE OR GAIN ELECTRONS? |
NON-METALS GAIN ELECTRONS & THEN FORM IONS! |
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DO METALS GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS? |
METALS LOSE ELECTRONS & THEN FORM IONS |
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DEFINE AN INDUCED DIPOLE |
A TEMPORARILY UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN AN OTHERWISE NON-POLAR ATOM OR MOLECULE. |
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ARE THERE DIPOLES IN NON-POLAR MOLECULES? |
NO! THE ELECTRONS IN NON-POLAR MOLECULES ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED, SO THERE IS NO DIPOLE! |
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CAN A NON-POLAR MOLECULE BE INDUCED TO BECOME A TEMPORARY DIPOLE? |
YES, THEY CAN WHEN THEY ARE BROUGHT CLOSE TO A POLAR MOLECULE. |
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DEFINE A TEMPORARY OR INDUCED-DIPOLE |
SOMETIMES THE RANDOMNESS OF ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT THE ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM OR NON-POLAR MOLECULE MAY ME MOVED TO ONE SIDE. |
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DEFINE SOLUTIONS |
A SOLUTION IS A HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE CONSISTING OF A SINGLE PHASE. |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SOLUTION? |
SUGAR DISSOLVED IN WATER |
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DEFINE SOLVENT |
ANY COMPONENT IN A SOLUTION THAT IS PRESENT IN THE LARGEST AMOUNT |
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DEFINE SOLUTE |
ANY COMPONENT IN A SOLUTION THAT IS NOT THE SOLVENT |
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CAN SOLUTIONS BE SOLID OR GASES? |
YES, SOLUTIONS CAN BE BOTH! |
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TRUE OR FALSE: CAN SOLUTIONS FORM FROM OPPOSITE CHARGES? |
FALSE, SOLUTIONS CAN ONLY FORM WITH THE SAME CHARGE (EITHER POLAR OR NON-POLAR) BUT THEY WON'T FORM OPPOSITE OF ONE ANOTHER! **THIS IS A RULE** |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF SOLUTIONS OF SAME CHARGES? |
METAL ALLOYS, *BRASS= SOLID SOLUTION OF BOTH CU AND ZINC |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A GASEOUS SOLUTION? |
AIR! AIR= 78% N2, 21%O2, 1% OTHER GAS |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS? |
1) SATURATED SOLUTION 2) UNSATURATED SOLUTION 3) SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION |
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DOES TEMPERATURE HAVE AN EFFECT ON SOLUTIONS? |
YES IT DOES! |
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DEFINE A SATURATED SOLUTION |
A SOLUTION CONTAINING THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF SOLUTE THAT WILL DISSOLVE IN ITS SOLVENT. |
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DEFINE UNSATURATED SOLUTION |
A SOLUTION THAT IS CAPABLE OF DISSOLVING ADDITIONAL SOLUTE. |
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DEFINE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION |
THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED PER THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTION. |
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DEFINE CONCENTRATION |
AMOUNT OF SOLUTE PER THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTION |
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WHAT IS A MOLE? |
A VERY LARGE NUMBER THAT IS EQUAL TO 6.02 X 10*TO THE 23* AND USUALLY USED IN REFERENCE TO THE NUMBER OF ATOMS, IONS, OR MOLECULES WITHIN A MACROSCOPIC AMOUNT OF A MATERIAL. |
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DEFINE MOLAR MASS |
THE MASS OF 1 MOLE OF A SUBSTANCE |
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TRUE OR FALSE: WITH MOLAR MASS, IS ONE MOLE OF ANY ELEMENT THE AMOUNT OF WHOSE MASS IN GRAMS IS NUMERICALLY EQUAL TO ITS ATOMIC MASS |
TRUE |
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EXAMPLE FOR MOLAR MASS: HOW MANY MOLES OF ATOMS ARE IN 45.8 GRAMS OF NA? |
ANSWER: 1 MOL OF NA = 22.99 G OF NA - 1 MOL NA / 22.99 G NA - CONVERSION FACTOR 45.8 G NA X 1 MOL NA/22.99 G NA= 1.99 MOL NA FINAL ANSWER= 1.99 MOL NA |
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DEFINE MOLAR MASS OF A COMPOUND |
ONE MOLE OF A COMPOUND CONTAINS 6.02 X 10*23 POWER* MOLECULES OR FORMULA UNITS OF THE COMPOUND AND IT'S MASS HILL BE THE FORMULA MASS EXPRESSED IN GRAMS. |
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EXAMPLE FOR MOLAR MASS: CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) |
C= 1 X 12.01 AMU = 12.01 AMU O= 2 X 16.0O AMU= 32.00 AMU SO THE FORMULA MASS OF CO2 = 44.01 AMU |
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EXAMPLE FOR MOLAR MASS: SODIUM SULFATE (NA2SO4) |
NA= 2 X 22.99 AMU = 45.98 AMU S= 1 X 32.07 AMU= 32.07 AMU O= 4 X 16.00 AMU= 64.00 AMU FORMULA MASS OF NA2SO4 = 142.05 AMU SO I MOLE OF NA2SO4= 142.05 G NA2SO4 |
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DEFINE MOLARITY |
THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION EXPRESSED IN MOLES OF SOLUTE PER LITER OF SOLUTION// OR DEFINED AS: A COMMON UNIT OF CONCENTRATION EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF A SOLUTE PER LITER OF SOLUTION. |
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FORMULA FOR MOLARITY |
(M) = # OF MOLES OF SOLUTE / LITER OF SOLUTION |
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EXAMPLE #1 FOR MOLARITY: *CALCULATE THE MOLARITY OF A SOLUTION, WHICH CONTAINS 1.5 MOLES OF SUCROSE IN 4.0 LITERS OF SOLUTION. |
MOLARITY= # OF MOLES OF SOLUTE // LITER OF SOLUTION
STEP#2= 1.5 moles / 4.0 LITERS = 0.38 MOL /L = 0.38 M |
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IF A SOLUTE HAS ANY APPRECIABLE SOLUBILITY IN A SOLVENT THEN THAT SOLUTE IS SAID TO BE ___________________ IN THAT SOLVENT. |
SOLUBLE |
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A SUBSTANCE THAT DOESN'T DISSOLVE IN A SOLVENT TO ANY APPRECIABLE EXTENT IS SAID TO BE _______________________IN THAT SOLVENT. |
INSOLUBLE |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING THAT IS SOLUBLE? |
SALT- IT'S SOLUBLE IN WATER |
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING THAT IS INSOLUBLE? |
SAND IS INSOLUBLE TO WATER. |
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DEFINE SOLUBILITY |
THE ABILITY OF A SOLUTE TO DISSOLVE IN A GIVEN SOLVENT. |
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DEFINE SOLUBILITY OF GASES |
THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES DECREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE |
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DOES THE SOLUBILITY OF A GAS INCREASE OR DECREASE WITH INCREASING TEMP? |
IT DECREASES! |
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RULE FOR SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS |
THE SOLUBILITY OF SOLIDS INCREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE. |
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DOES THE SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID DECREASE OR INCREASE WITH INCREASING TEMP? |
IT INCREASES! |
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TRUE OR FALSE: DO SOME SUBSTANCES BECOME LESS SOLUBLE AS WATER TEMPERATURES INCREASE? |
YES, TRUE: SUCH AS CACO3 AND ALSO MGCO3 BECOME LESS SOLUBLE AS THE WATER TEMP INCREASES~! |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO PARTS IN A SOAP MOLECULE? |
1) A NON-POLAR PART 2) A POLAR-PART
*THE SOAP MOLECULE IS A DIPOLE! |
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WHAT ARE DETERGENTS? |
THEY ARE SYNTHETIC SOAPLIKE COMPOUNDS THAT CAN PENETRATE GREASE BETTER/STRONGER AND AND THEY COST LESS. |
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WHAT KIND OF ATTRACTIONS HOLD SOAP AND DIRT OR GRIME TOGETHER? |
ANSWER: INDUCED-DIPOLE TO INDUCED-DIPOLE ATTRACTION |
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DEFINE SOLUBILITY OF HARD WATER |
HARD WATER IS WATER CONTAINING LARGE AMOUNTS OF METAL IONS USUALLY CALCIUM (CA) AND MAGNESIUM (MG) |
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TRUE OR FALSE: DOES HARD WATER INHIBIT THE CLEANING OR CLEANSING ACTIONS OF SOAPS? |
TRUE! IT DOES INHIBIT IT! |
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WHAT ARE SOME DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER? |
IT CAN CAUSE THE CA AND MG COMPOUNDS TO BUILD UP ON THE INNER SURFACES OF WATER PIPES. |
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DEFINE MELTING |
THE TRANSFORMATION OF A SOLID TO A LIQUID |
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DEFINE FREEZING |
TRANSFORMATION OF A LIQUID TO A SOLID |
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TRUE OR FALSE: ARE THE TEMPS FOR WATER MELTING AND FREEZING THE SAME? |
YES, IT IS TRUE! |
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DO SOLUTES INHIBIT CRYSTAL FORMATION? |
YES, SOLUTES TEND TO INHIBIT THE FORMATION OF CRYSTALS. |
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU ADD SOLUTES TO WATER OR ANY OTHER LIQUID? |
**RULE= IT ALWAYS LOWERS THE FREEZING POINT!** |
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EXAMPLES OF SOLUTES LOWERING FREEZING TEMPS-- |
1) ANTIFREEZE 2) SALTING ICY ROADS IN WINTER |
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AT WHAT DEGREE CELSIUS DOES WATER HAVE THE HIGHEST DENSITY? |
WATER IS THE HIGHEST DESNITY -AT 4 DEGREES CELSIUS |
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AT WHAT DEGREE CELSIUS IS WATER AT ITS SMALLEST VOLUME? |
WATER HAS SMALLEST VOLUME @ 4 DEGREES CELSIUS |
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WHAT HAPPENS TO LIQUID WATER BETWEEN 0-4 DEGREES CELSIUS? |
LIQUID WATER WILL CONTRACT AS THE TEMPERATURE IS RAISED, DUE TO THE COLLAPSING OF ICE CRYSTALS. |
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WHAT HAPPENS TO WATER ABOVE 4 DEGREES CELSIUS? |
THE WATER VOLUME INCREASES AS ITS TEMPERATURE INCREASES. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: LIQUID WATER HAS SMALLEST VOLUME AND THE GREATEST DENSITY. |
TRUE! |
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WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF FORCES WITH WATER? |
1) COHESIVE FORCE 2) ADHESIVE FORCE |
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DEFINE COHESIVE FORCE |
AN ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN MOLECULES OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE |
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DEFINE ADHESIVE FORCE |
AN ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN MOLECULES OF TWO DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. |
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WHAT KIND OF DIPOLE ATTRACTION DOES THE SURFACE OF WATER HAVE? |
A DIPOLE-DIPOLE REACTION SO THE TENSION IS HIGH AND THINGS FLOAT ON THE SURFACE! |
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DEFINE SURFACE TENSION |
THE ELASTIC TENDENCY FOUND AT THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID |
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WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE SPHERICAL SHAPE OF LIQUID WATER DROPS? |
SURFACE TENSION |
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DEFINE CAPILLARY ACTION |
THE RISING OF LIQUID INTO A SMALL VERTICAL SPACE DUE TO THE INTERPLAY OF COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE FORCES. |
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DEFINE EVAPORATION |
THE PROCESS OF CONVERTING FROM LIQUID PHASE TO A GASEOUS PHASE. |
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DEFINE CONDENSATION |
IS THE CHANGING OF A GAS TO A LIQUID |
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DEFINE BOILING |
BOILING IS EVAPORATION THAT TAKES PLACE BENEATH THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID. |
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DOES THE BOILING POINT GET HIGHER OR LOWER WITH AN INCREASE IN ALTITUDE? |
THE BOILING POINT GETS LOWER WITH AN INCREASE IN ALTITUDE. |
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DEFINE SPECIFIC HEAT |
SPECIFIC HEAT OF A SUBSTANCE IS THE QUANTITY OF HEAT REQUIRED TO CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF A SUBSTANCE BY 1 DEGREE CELSIUS. |
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR SPECIFIC HEAT? |
QUANTITY OF HEAT /// MASS X TRIANGLE T C=QUANTITY C=SPECIFIC HEAT Q= QUANTITY OF HEAT M= MASS TRIANGLE T= TEMPERATURE |
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EXAMPLE FOR SPECIFIC HEAT: WHEN 56 JOULES OF HEAT ARE ADDED TO 11 GRAMS OF A LIQUID, ITS TEMP RISES FROM 10.4 DEGREES CELSIUS TO 12.7 DEGREES CELSIUS. WHAT IS THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE LIQUID? |
ANSWER: TRIANGLE T= TF-T ?= 12.7 -10.4C=2.3 C M=11 GRAMS Q= 56 JOULES C=? NEXT STEP: C=Q/MASS X TRIANGLE T SO= 56 JOULES/11 GRAMS X 2.3 DEGREES CELSIUS FINAL ANSWER= 2.2 JOULES/G. CELSIUS |
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DEFINE HEAT OF MELTING |
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CHANGE A SOLID TO A LIQUID. |
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DEFINE HEAT OF FREEZING |
AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY RELEASED WHEN A LIQUID FREEZES. |
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR HEAT OF MELTING |
+335 JOULES/GRAM |
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR HEAT OF FREEZING |
-335 JOULES/GRAM |
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DEFINE HEAT OF EVAPORATION |
AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO CHANGE A LIQUID TO A GAS |
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DEFINE HEAT OF CONDENSATION |
AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY RELEASED WHEN A GAS CONDENSES. |
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FORMULA FOR HEAT OF EVAPORATION |
+225 JOULES/GRAMS |
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FORMULA FOR HEAT OF CONDENSATION |
-225 JOULES/GRAMS |
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DEFINE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS |
A SHORT HAND REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL REACTION. |
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WHAT DO THE FOLLOWING LETTERS MEAN WHEN NEXT TO A CHEMICAL REACTION: 1) (S) 2) (G) 3) (AQ) |
1) S= SOLID 2) G= GAS 3) AQ= AQUEOUS SOLUTION |
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WHAT IS THE RULE FOR CHEMICAL EQUATIONS ? |
THEY MUST BE BALANCED!!! |
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HOW DO YOU CHANGE A CHEMICAL EQUATION? |
YOU CAN CHANGE IT BY CHANGING THE COEFFICENTS. |
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EXAMPLE: BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS: A) FE(G) + O2(G) B) K (G) + H20 (L) C) CH4 (G) + O2 (G) |
ANSWERS: A) FE2O3 (G) B) KOH (AQ) + H2(G) C) O2 (G) + H2O (L) |
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EXERCISE: HOW MANY MOLECULES ARE THERE IN 46 GRAMS OF CH4? |
ANSWER: MOLAR MASS OF METHANE -CH4 =12.01 + 4(1.01 GRAMS) = 12.01 GRAMS + 4.04 GRAMS = FINAL ANSWER: 16.05 GRAMS/MOLE
SO- ONE MOLE OF METHANE - CH4 IS EQUAL TO= 16.05 GRAMS CH4 |
