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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The H30+ ion is called_____ion.
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hydronium
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when acids and bases react the products are water and a ______
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salt
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a Bronsted-Lowery base is a substance which....
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accepts protons from other substances
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Pure water is_______
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contains equal amounts of hydroxide,{OH-}, and hydronum,[H3O] ions
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Acetic acid is a weak acid in water because it is______________
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only slightly dissociated into ions
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A buffer solution is _________
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is a salt solution
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examples of organic compound properties
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-have limited or no water solubility
-bonds are covalent -low m.p and b.p |
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A facto that is most important in determining the chemistry of an organic molecule
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the functional groups
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two are more compounds with the same molecular formula but with the atoms connected differently are referred to as
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constitutional isomers
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best description of the of the properties of alkanes
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flammable, non-reactive,insoluble in water
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when hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion, the product is
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CO2 and H2O
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Arrhenius Theory
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an acid-base theory that bases reactions on hydrogen and hydroxide ions
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Conjugate Base
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the species that results when an acid donates a proton
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Bronsted-Lowry theory
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a theory that treats acid-base reactions are proton-transfer reactions
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conjugate acid
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the species that results when a base accepts a proton
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Amphoteric
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a substance which can behave as either an acid or a base
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a positively charged particle formed by loss of one or more electrons from an atom is called
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cation
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main group elements that are non-metals usually____ one or more electrons to form_____, which have a ____ charge
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gain; anions; negative
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the property that describes the ease with which an atom gives up an electron to form a positive ion is
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ionization energy
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the formation of an ionic compound is
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electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal, and the resulting charged particles form a crystalline network
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properties of a typical ionic compound
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-exist as crystlline solids @ R.Temp
-conduct electrical current if dissolve -shatter when crystals r struck -high m.p and b.p |
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an atom with 3 valence electrons will most likely
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lose 3 electrons
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in order to form an octet, an atom of selenium will_________
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gain 2 electrons
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A chemical bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons is a____bond; it is best described as____
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double; covalent
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in a lewis dot structure the electrons which complete an octet but are not located between two atoms are referred to as
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lone pairs
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which physical property is most closely associated with covalent molecules?
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it is a gas at room temperature
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best description for a liquid?
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definite volume; shape of container; moderate intermolecular attractions
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transformation of condensation
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gas -------> liquid
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a homogenous mixture which is not transparent and has no components that settle out over time is a______
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colloid
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the solubility of gases in liquids
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independent of temperature and increases as pressure increases
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the number and force of collisions between molecules and the walls of the container
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pressure
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the amount of space occupied by a gas
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volume
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the measure of a liquid's resistance to spreading out
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surface tension
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the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure
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boiling point
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the temperature at which the solid and liquid phase are at equilibrium
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melting point
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the amount of energy required to convert a liquid into a gas at its boiling point
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heat of vaporization
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the passage of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane because of concentration differences
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osmosis
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the study of the nature, properties, and transformations of matter
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chemistry
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the physical material that makes up the universe; anything that has mass and occupies space
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matter
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the systematic process of observation, hypothesis, and experimentation used to expand and refine a body of knowledge
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scientific method
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a characteristic useful for identifying a substance or object
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property
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a change that does not affect the chemical makeup of a substance or object
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physical change
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a change in the chemical makeup of a substance
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chemical change
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a substance that has uniform chemical composition throughout
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pure substance
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a blend of two or more substance, each of which retains its chemical identity
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mixture
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Examples of a mixture
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-seawater
-mayonnaise -rocks |
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3 physical states
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Solid; Liquid; Gas
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particles arranged randomly
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amorphous
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same properties throughout
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homogenous
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properties vary from on region of the sample to another
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heterogenous
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a physical property that can be measured
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physical quantity
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converting C to K
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C + 273.15
K - 27.15 |
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Density =
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Density= mass (g) / volume (mL or cm3)
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specific heat =
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calories/ grams x Celcuis
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Specific gravity
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density of substance/ density of water at the same temperature
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significant figures
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include all the known digits plus one uncertain digit
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a zero is significant when:
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-it comes between non zero digits
( 307.8) -it comes at the end of a # w/ a decimal point (79.0) |
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a zero is not a sig fig when:
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-comes be4 the first non-zero digit (0.0035)
-comes @the end of a #that does not have decimal point ( 500 ) |
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heat =
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mass x specific heat of sample x change in temp
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the smallest and simplest particle of an element
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atom
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a set of assumptions proposed by the English scientist John Dalton to explain the chemical behavior of matter
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atomic theory
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chemical compounds are made up of____-
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specific combos of atoms
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chemical reactions change_________, but don't break__________
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the way atoms are arranged; down the atoms themselves
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3 kinds of fundamental particles from which atoms are made; protons, neutrons, and electrons
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subatomic particles
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the dense, central core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
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nucleus
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atom of particular elements
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-same # of protons
- # of protons=atomic # -neutral atom-#electrons=# proton |
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in nucleus
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# protons and # neutrons= atomic mass #
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atoms of same element with different #s of neutrons
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isotopes
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atomic mass number is where next to the symbol; the atomic number is where?
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-top left
-bottom left |
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atomic number
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the number of protons in atoms of a given element; the number of electron in atoms of a given element
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the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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mass number
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the weighted average mass of an element's atoms
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atomic weight
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the energy required to remove on electron from a single atom in the gaseous state
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ionization energy
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positively charged ion
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cation
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negatively charge ion
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anion
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more likely to form positive ion than nonmetals
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metals
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the energy released on adding an electron to a single
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electron affinity
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atoms in the gaseous state
[ two answers ] |
- small electron affinity- harder to add electrion
-large electron affinity- easier to add electron |
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more likely to form neg. ions
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non metals
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most stable ions:
[ two answers ] |
-empty valence shell
-completly full shell |
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octet rule
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main group elements ten to under go reactions that give them 8 valence electrons
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based on the attraction of opposite electric charges
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ionic bonds
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an ion that is composed of more than on atom
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polyatomic ion
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contains hydroxide (OH-)
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bases
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substances that contains H+ ion
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acids
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a pair of electrons shared between two atoms
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covalent bonds
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a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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molecule
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non polar covalent bonds
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electrons shared equally
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polar covalent bonds
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electrons shared unequally
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ionic bond
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electron transferred
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attractive force of an atom for its valence electrons
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electronegativity
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molecule w/ partially positive and a partially negative side
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dipole
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Metal + Non Metal =
nonmetal + nonmetal = |
usually ionic
usually covalent |
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VSEPR theory
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Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
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0-0.4
0.5-1.9 2.0-above |
-covalent
-polar covalent -ionic |
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state prefixes for 1-3
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-mono
-di -tri |
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state prefixes for 4-6
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-tetra
-penta -hexa |
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Mole (mol)
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the # of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon 12
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mole to mole conversions_______
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carried out using mole ratio as conversion factors
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mole to mass & mass to mole conversions
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are carried out using molar mass as conversion factor
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mass to mass conversion
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frequently needed buy cannot be carried out directly
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the reactants that runs out first
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limiting reagents
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the amount of products formed assuming complete reaction of the limiting reagent
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theoretical yield
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the amount of product actually formed in a reaction
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actual yield
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percent of the theoretical yield actually obtained from a chemical reaction
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percent yield
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an insoluble solid that forms in solution during a chem. reaction
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precipitate
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process in which an insoluble solid is called a precipitate
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precipitation reactions
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processes in which an acid reacts with a base to yield water plus an ionic compound called salt
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acid-base neutralization reaction
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reduction reactions on redox reactions are processed in which one or more electrons are transferred between reaction partners
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oxidation
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the amount of a compound that will dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature
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solubility
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neutralization rxn
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acid & base reacts to form salt & water
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the species that causes the reduction
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reducing agent
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law of conservation of Energy
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- E cannot be created nor distroyed
- H can be converted from 1 forn to another |
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releases energy
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forming bonds
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absorbed (uses ) E
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breaking bonds
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meausre of disorder in a system
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entropy
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rules on change in entropy
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-neg tends to be nonspontaneous
-pos tends to be spontaneous |
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for a rxn to occur?
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1.reactant particles must collide
2. collison must have enough energy to over come activation E |
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the change of a substance from one state of matter (gas, liquid, or solid ) to another
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change of state
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melting point
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the temp @ which solid and liquid are in equilibrium
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boiling point
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the temp @ which liquid gas are in equilibrium
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gases and the kinetic molecular theory
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a group of assumptions that explain the behavior of gases
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gas that obeys all the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory
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ideal gas
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pressure
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the force per unit area pushing against a surface; P= F/A
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Millimeter of Muercury ( mmHg )
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1 atm-760 mmHg
1 mmHg- 1 torr = 133.32 Pa |
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a series of laws that predict the influence of pressure, vol, and temp on any gas or mixture
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gas law
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the relation between volume and pressure
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boyle's law
P1V1=P2V2 |
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the relation between volume and temp
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charles' law
v1/T1 = V2/T2 |
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the pressure of a gas is directly propartional to its kelvin temp
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gay-lussac's law
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amount of gas is fixed
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combined gas law
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the vol of gas directly proportion to its molar amount at a constant pressure and temp
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V1/N1 = V2/N2
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relationship among 4 variables P,V,T,and n for gases can be combined into a single expression
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ideal gas law
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contribution of a given gas in a mixture to the total pressure
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partical pressure
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the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressure of the components in the mixture
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dalton's law
Ptotal= P gas1 + Pgas 2 +..... |
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a force that acts between molecules and holds molecules close to one another
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intermolecular forces
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