Charlie

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is term used for the dilute suspension or separated fibers in water.

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Pulp

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Is the name given to all kinds of matted or felted sheets of fibers formed on a wire screen from a water suspension (pulp).

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Paper

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grade of paper used for printing books, magazines, pamphlets, folders, and brochures.

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Book paper

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grade of paper used for news paper

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Newsprint paper

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group of papers or paperboards, 0.006 inch thick or thicker; includes index Bristol, wedding Brisol and folder stock

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Bristol

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used as filler leaves for ledger books

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Ledge paper

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used for high quality printmaking, painting and drawing paper.

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Lithographic paper

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sugar cane bagasse, rice straw, banana stalks, tobacco stalks and midribs, cotton stalks.

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Agricultural waste

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the logs reduced to smaller pieces to ensure better penetration of chemicals as well as to obtain more rapid, complete and uniform saturation of the wood by the cooking liquor.

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Chipping method

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oversized chip are separated from acceptable chips for rechipping; fines or undersized chips are used a boiler fuel.

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Screening

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chips are segregated according to species, clolor and other properties to permit variation of the products of the pulp mill.

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Storage

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reduction of wood to constituent fiber (pulp)…mechanical, chemical or heat energy or a combination of these are employed in producing pulp. The form of energy used to determine both yield and pulp properties.

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Pulping

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a high yield process, (88-95%), purely mechanical or physical are used, where the fibers are torn apart by forced to break the lignin which serves as the bonding material.

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Groundwood or mechanical pulping

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employs a grindstone, which is basically a large stone that is rotated the tangential surface of the wood bolts are press against the surface.

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Stone groundwood process

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new and more popular method of mechanical pulping which involve the double disk refiner, which is composed of two fluted metal disks that can be closely spaced and rotated in opposite direction, or a single disk refiner in which one disk is fixed while the other rotated.

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Refiner groundwood process

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chips are subjected to super subjected to superheated steam at a temperature of 120-135 degrees Celsius as they pass through the refiner.

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Thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process

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a low yield process (30-55%); wood in the form of chips is treated with chemicals in solution (called cooking liquor) under high temperature and pressure inside a vat (called the digester).

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Chemical pulping

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pulping are the sulphites of calcium, magnesium, sodium and ammonium with the addition of sulphurous acid.

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Acid sulfite process

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wood chips are treated with a dilute solution of caustic soda (NaHo) at high temperature and pressure.

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Soda process

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cooking liquor contains sodium sulphide and caustic soda.

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Sulphate or kraft process

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these are two stage processes involving a mild chemical treatment to remove, partally degrade of affect the fiber bond, followed by mechanical treatment called defibering or fiberizing in attrition mill to cause separation of the fibers of the pulp.

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Semi-chemical and chemi-mechanical puping

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this the removal of dirt, forien materials and uncooked pulp from the stock, by passing the pulp through fire wire mesh.

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Screening and washing

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done with manufacturing writing or book papers and other products where whiteness is important. Bleaching chemical attach residual lignin and can be carried to the point where lignin is either totally removed or simply lightened in color.

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Bleaching

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degrade most of residual lignin in pulp into a soluble form.

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Acid chlorination

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removes alkali-soluble products from pulp.

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Alkali extraction

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completes delignification by destroying the residual chromophoric groups.

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Hypochlorite bleaching

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the chemical flattening and unravelling of fibers. This provides the maximum potential for bonding since the surface area of fibers and thus, the area available for bonding is increased.

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Beating and refining

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certain additives are incorporated into the pulp to provide certain qualities.

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Introduction of additives

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mineral substances such as china clay, talc, calcium sulphate, zinc sulphide that are added to give smooth and opaque surface increase brightness and printability as well as body to the paper.

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Fillers

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substances such as rosin and wax to make the paper less absorbent of moisture.

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Sizers

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involves the extraction of water from pulp to transform to a pulp into sheets for storage and transport.

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Lapping

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includes the addition of pigments or dyes to the bleached pulp to bring out any desired color in the paper.

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Coloring

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water soluble coloring material which are only deposited on the surface of the fibers and do not penetrate the cell wall.

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Pigments

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more permanent than pigments because they can penetrate the cell wall of the fibers.

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Dyes

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involves the formation of fiber mat, drainage of water and drying of the sheets formed.

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Paper manufacturing

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this is the used commonly machine, consisting of rapidly moving screen fitted with a device to accurately meter a pulp mixture in it.

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Fourdrinier-

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stock with 0.5-1% consistency is delivered from the headbox onto a moving, endless bronze- wire mesh.

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Wet end

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the mat is pressed between rolls which squeeze out more of the mat moisture.

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Press

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the sheet passes to a set of very smooth and heavy rolls to impart a smooth finish to the paper.

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Calendar

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the paper is wound in reels and may be cut to specified lengths as it is being wound.

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Paper reeling

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Kinds of paper

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a. Boards and writing papers

b. Printing papers

C. Wrapping and bag papers

D. Paper towel and toilet tissues

E. Paperboards

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General uses of paper

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A. For packaging

B. Communication medium

C. Disposable products

D. Industrial sheet materials

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Sources of raw materials

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1. Wood

2. Agricultural waste

3. Other sources

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Steps in manufacture of pulp in paper

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A. Raw materials preparation

B. Pulping

C. Pulp treatment of stock preparation

D. Paper manufacturing

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Methods for mechanical pulping

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A. Stone groundwood process

B. Refiner groundwood process

C. Thermomechanical pulping process

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Methods of chemical pulping

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Soda process

Sulphate or kraft process

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Pulp treatment or stock preparation

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Screening and washing

Bleaching

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Main stages of standard bleaching

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Acid chlorination

Alkali extraction

Hypochlorite bleaching

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Pulping process

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Groundwood or mechanical pulping

Chemical pulping

Semi-chemical and chemi-mechanical puping

Introduction of additives