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243 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Erik Erikson has stated what to be the single most important factor for infants to get off to a good start in life?
Developing a sense of trust in themselves and their environment.
For an infant, what is the effect of having control over his or her world?
Efficacy
How did William James, in his classic book of 1890, Principles of Psychology, view infants?
Viewed infants as rather incapable little creatures that were inactive,reflexive little organisms
The newborn's brain size is what percentage of an adult's?
25%
Identify reasons for a baby's brain growth.
myelination,gleal cells, new neurons being formed
The quadrupling of brain weight after birth comes mostly from what?
the growth of neurons
Why is naturally occurring neuron cell death of infants thought to occur?
A way of clearning up developmental mistakes,nature's way of shaping each individual's brain
By the time a child is 14 years old, what percentage of all synapses in his or her brain will have been discarded?
half of all synapses will be discarded
What saying would explain pruning?
"use it or lose it"
What is the connections neurons make with other neurons called?
synaptogenesis
What is the extensiveness of dendrite branching called?
sprouting
What is meant by neurons being hard-wired? Soft-wired?
neurons that are hard-wired are not susceptible to the brain's pruning process (heartbeating,breathing)

soft-wired means they are waiting for instructions from their environment and the experiences
In one study a newborn kitten's eye was taped shut. Later, when the tape was removed, what happened to the kitten's eyesight in that eye? Explain why.
The kitten is blind in that eye because the window for neuro growth closed.
The number of words an infant hears from a caregiver is related to what?
brain development and vocabulary
Young children often show more rapid and complete recovery of function after brain injury than adults do. Why?
Because young children have better brain plasticity. Uncommitted neurons will assume language functions. With adults, plasticity is low because neurons have already made their connections.
Current thinking on the plasticity of the young child's brain attributes this plasticity to what?
an excess of neurons and synapsis early in life
According to Kurt Fischer's model of brain development, what are the last areas of the brain to undergo growth spurts?
cerebrum and cerebral cortex
Identify the parts of the brain that is responsible for the child's coordination and ability to walk,run,and manipulate objects?
cerebellum and midbrain
At 8 or 9 months, growth spurts in the brain responsible for memory occur where?
hippocampus
Higher complex reasoning and problem solving occur in which part of the brain?
cerebrum and cerebral cortex
Identify the most rapid physical growth period for a human.
gestation
Compare birth weight to weight on the first birthday.
Average infant weighs 7 1/2 lbs and is 20 inches long. By the first birthday the weight has tripled.
Identify the fastest growing portion of the body from birth to an infant's first year.
the trunk
From age on to the onset of adolescence, which part of the body grows the fastest?
legs grow the fastest
One year old Brantlley has a pot bellied look. Why?
His abdominal muscles lack the strength to hold in the abdominal contents.
Leg growth from the first year to the onset of adolescence is what percentage of the total increase in height?
66%
What is cephalocaudal development? Identify an example.
head to toe development. The head and body are an example.
What is proximodistal development? Identify an example.
From close to the midline of the body to away from the midline. Shoulders are an example.
The Moro reflex occurs when an infant does what?
When a newborn thinks he is falling he will throw his arms back and spread his fingers as if to clutch the air and then bring his arms back to hug his chest.
What happens after a reflexive behavior disappears,(e.g. once the stepping reflex is no longer apparent)?
it comes back, reamerges as a voluntary behavior
Identify the first step toward achieving an upright position and independent locomotion.
establishing head control
Most infants are able to sit alone momentarily without support at around what age?
5 months
Ordinarily, an infant can first roll from stomach to back around what age?
16 weeks
Most infants can first maneuver into a sitting position and sit alone by what age?
6 or 7 months
Children do not acquire an adult-like walk until what age?
4 years old
Infants first pick up small objects by what method?
they use only the fingers and the palm
Jody is finally picking up a ball with her thumb and forefinger in a pincer-like grip. We could guess her to be approx. how old?
1 year old
While waiting for a child to be ready for toilet training, parents should do what things?
look for signs and explain to children what is expected of them
What age do pediatricians feel that wetting one's bed should be considered a problem?
after the 5th birthday
An infant's ability to see, hear,touch,taste and smell are nearly complete by what age?
6 months
Which sensory system provides a newborn most of their information about their world?
vision
In newborns, identify the sense that is the least developed and least similar to adult senses?
vision
Identify the quality of a newborns visual acuity.
they best see at 8-10 inches, they are legally blind
Infants appear to most enjoy looking at what?
faces
2 month old Geraldine is taking part in an experiment designed to assess her visual perception. The display consist of a face, a bull's eye, and a bright red square. Geraldine is likely to spend more time looking at what and least looking at what?
more time looking at face and least time looking at the bull's eye
When do infants first see colors?
4 and 5 months
what colors are infants most attracted to?
primary colors
Donavon and Miranda are shopping for a mobile to hang above their four month old daughters crib. Their best choice would be a mobile that contains high contrasts of what colors?
Blue and red because they look at them longer than any other colors
When do infants have color perception equal to that of adults?
6 months
When is the auditory system first functional?
from 5 months gestational age onward
Using the high amplitude sucking method, researchers have found that newborn infants prefer what?
Mother's voice
When are infants able to react to odors?
day after they are born
You observe a newborn infant who begins to suck on a bottle filled with flavored solution. The infant starts to smile and smack his lips. Why?
The flavored solution was sweet and the baby becomes relaxed.
Walter pursed his lips after eating something, but his father did not know what he had eaten. What might have been the taste associated with it?
sour tasting
Where is an infant's tactile sense especially high?
around the mouth and hands
In US culture, Americans rank which sense highest?
vision
What was the visual cliff experiment?
a child crawls out onto a checkerboard pattern stretched out from a table. one area of the checkerboard is optically distorted so that the squares appear smaller, thus creating the illusion of being farther away.
What was indicated by the 'visual cliff' experiments, where the infants refuse to crawl across the 'deep side'?
they refuse to cross it
Identify the most important time in children's language development.
the first 2 years
How many hours a day of alertness do newborns average?
only an hour, about 3 minutes an hour
Intentional communication, via crying by infants, occurs when?
9-10 months
How do we know that crying is intentional?
when the child looks at his/her mother
How is an upset baby or crying baby likely to be soothed?
being picked up and carried
4 month old Shataqua has six older sisters and four older brothers. Every time she cries one of her parents or siblings picks her up and holds her, walking her around, holding her on their shoulders, and talking to her. According to researchers, picking her up will probably have what result?
she will cry less than a baby who's cry go ignored
When does colic develop?
between 2-12 weeks
what is required for inconsolable crying to be classified as colic?
Inconsolable crying which no physical cause is apparent, lasts for more than 3 hours a day, occurs at least 3 days a week or more and continues for at least 3 weeks.
Colic occurs in what percentage of babies?
20%
Why does colic occur?
an immature nervous system that can only handle limited amounts of stimuli
Initially, babies will be in REM sleep about what percentage of the time?
50% of the time
According to Lispitt, why does SIDS most often occur between 2-4 months?
he thinks that that's when breathing is between voluntary and involuntary control
Identify an accurate statement concerning SIDS.
born to younger women, spring and winter are when it happens the most, they die early in their sleep, and more likely to happen to lower class families
Identify the risk factors associated with SIDS.
low APGAR scores, lots of kids, low income family
Identify true statements concerning antibodies.
They are produced when antogens get into the bodies and they can cause allergic reactions
According to Carolyn rovee-Collier, what is the task of an infant from birth to 9 weeks?
to minimize activity to convert calories to optimal growth
In the US mothers nurse their babies for approx. how long?
6-8 months
As infants get older, the types of foods they should limit consumption of includes what?
starches and sugars
When is a child considered malnourished?
if his or her body weight is less than 60% of the average for his or her age
How does the US infant mortality rate compare to other parts of the world?
it is 3 times lower than in Third World countries yet it is higher than in Japan,Sweden,France, or Great Britain
Marasmus is a condition affecting infants that is caused by what?
too little food
Murtala is growing up in an impoverished family. They have enough money to buy lots of rice and other carbs, but Murtala gets very little protein in his diest. If Murtala continues on this restricted diet it is likely that he will develop what illness?
kwashiorkor
What is the order of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
Preoperational(2-7)
Concrete operational(7-11)
Formal operational (11+)
Piaget's theory proposes that individuals, from birth, are constantly engaged in a tug-of-war with experience. first, they try to understand new experiences with current schemes, and second, they try to understand new experiences that don't fit exsiting schemes. What is this essential process, which creates more powerful schemes called?
equilibrium
According to Piaget, cognitive growth is stimulated by what?
A mismatch between existing knowledge and the external environment.
According to Piaget, an organized pattern of thought or action that the child constructs to make sense of some aspect of experience is referred to as what?
adaptation
According to Piaget, whenever a child responds to anything, old or new, the child is responding on the basis of mental structures called what?
schemes
One year old Ricky has combined his reaching and grasping schemes into one higher-order scheme. this achievment is an example of the process Piaget refers to as what?
organization
Identify an assimilation.
When an infant plays with a stuffed toy and shakes it thinking it will do the same thing as a rattle.
People would not react to new experiences on the basis of similarities to past experiences without the process that Piaget referred to as what?
assimilation
Often new environments and experiences have characteristics in common with experiences people have encountered in the past. In these types of situations people can often respond apprpriately by using the adaptive process Piaget referred to as what?
assimilation
According to Piaget, when children's old schemes are adjusted and new ones are created, they are doing what?
accommodating ex: infant hugs bear instead of shaking it
One year old Ricky has combined his reaching and grasping schemes into one higher-order scheme. this achievment is an example of the process Piaget refers to as what?
organization
Identify an assimilation.
When a baby tightly curls her fingers around any object placed in her hand. However, when given a bottle to hold, her fingers do not work. The child experiences a state of disequilibrium and realizes that her existing grasping scheme is not adequate.
People would not react to new experiences on the basis of similarities to past experiences without the process that Piaget referred to as what?
assimilation
Often new environments and experiences have characteristics in common with experiences people have encountered in the past. In these types of situations people can often respond apprpriately by using the adaptive process Piaget referred to as what?
assimilation
According to Piaget, when children's old schemes are adjusted and new ones are created, they are doing what?
accommodation, an example would be the baby modifying her grasping scheme by spreading her fingers around the object so that she can successfully hold her bottle.
People would not respond in new ways to changes in the environment without the process that Piaget referred to as what?
adaptation
How did Piaget view children?
Children are cognitively active and inventive;they are always trying to construct a more coherent understanding of events by continually integrating what they know and making sense out of discrepant experiences.
When a child begins to do his or her problem solving mentally instead of physically, Piaget says this is what stage?
Sensorimotor period
In the area of problem solving, the final stage of the sensorimotor period is marked by the child's ability to do what?
the child thinks about how he would do something without actually doing it untik he reaches a satisfactory solution. the child makes the transition from physical to mental operations
According to Piaget, object permanence is mastered when an individual recognizes what?
when the individual recognizes that the object is hidden and have retrieve it
According to Piaget, once objects are removed from sight, what do infants think?
they think it is no longer there and looks away, if you show the child your keys and then quickly cover them and the child looks away
Suppose you hide a toy behind one of two screens. Then, you take the screen away but the toy is missing. According to recent research, what would be the most likely response of an 8-month old infant to this potential violation of expectation.
He will show surprise.
What do critics of Piaget's tests of object performance say?
infants may know of an objects location but may not be able to communicate it then.
Identify the core theoretical assumption of Piaget's theory.
That children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world.
According to Piaget, when can children learn?
When they are biologically ready to learn a new scheme.
According to information-processing theorists, the ability to solve problems and adapt effectively to the environment is the basis of what?
intelligence
What do information-processing theorists do?
define intelligence as the ability to solve problems and adapt effectively to the environment, and as such, they are interested in studying the series of stages through which children pass as they absorb and transform information
To what does the infant's primitive photographic memory refer?
sensory register
Describe both the longevity of the sensory register and the information it holds?
It is very temporary, the info it holds is ina relatively pure unanalyzed form
What is our working memory called?
short term memory
Which memory system has the longest duration?
long term memory
Identify an example of habituation.
A train waking you up at 3AM and after 3 nights you are no longer awaken by the train.
Dishabituation involves what?
The recovery of attention to the novel stimulus.
Imagine that an infant is show a picture of a male face over and over, until the infant stops watching the face. If the picture is now changed to a female face, and the infant starts watching again, researchers can infer that the infant knows what?
the difference between one face to another, male and female faces
Imagine that an infant hears the sound "moo" over and over, until the infant loses interest and stops listening. If the sound now changes to woof but the infant still shows no interest, what may researchers infer?
the infant can not tell the difference between the two
Identify an accurate statement concerning habituation.
its a measure of infant intelligence and later intellectual function
Infants typically look longer at a novel stimulus than at a familiar stimulus. This behavior suggests that infants have what?
recognition memory
Infants will first imitate both facial and manual gesture behaviors when they are how old?
between 12 and 21 days old
They psychometric approach focuses mostly on what?
qauntifying individual differences in children's intelligence
Identify the domains included in Gesell's Developmental Quotient.
Motor
Language
Social
Adaptive
For what are the Bayley Scales of Infant Development useful?
For charting an infants developmental process and aiding in diagnosing neurological diseases
The Head Start program was designed to do what?
to help young children from impoverished environments improve their academic skills and performance
What happens to IQ scores of children enrolled in the Head Start program over time?
Over time they go up but then drop and continue dropping
What is the most often cited critical comment on Head Start?
the children's IQ scores decrease once entered into a regular school
The Abecedarian Project (learning ABCs) is an enrichment program that starts as early as what age?
as young as 6 weeks
Do infant developmental scales such as the Bayley predict later IQ? Why or why not?
unknown
Grand and Kavita's daughter is 6 months old. Identify the best way for Grant and Kavita to predict how their daughter will score on IQ test later in childhood.
measure her attention, her rate of habituation and preference for novelty
When do the early intervention programs appear to be especially successful?
when parents are involved
Identify the most complex skill that children can learn.
speech
Identify the three branches of grammar.
phonological,semantic,and syntactic
Define phonology. Identify an example.
studies how children go about learning the rules for combining basic sound patterns, or phonemes.
Define syntactics. Indentify an example.
studies the way words come together to form sentences.
The sentence "The speeding the raced city through streets car" would be difficult for an English speaker to understand because the structure violates what rules of English?
Syntactics
Prefixes, suffixes, and verb tense markers are all types of what?
morphemes
To waht does the word semantics refer? Identify an example.
Studies the meaning of words, or morphemes. prefixes, suffixes
Language is learned entirely from experience. Which theorist MOST likely made this statement.
B.F. Skinner
Reinforcement and imitation are an integral part of who's theory?
Skinner
According to the behavioral view, how do children develop language skills?
reinforcement and imitation
The fact that there are several universals in language development provides evidence AGAINST which theory?
behaviorist
Dr. Tanner believes that experience determines which specific aspects of language an individual will eventually master. Dr. Tanner's views of language development match those of whom?
Skinner
Noam Chomsky proposed what?
that there is an inborn linguistic processor that guides the language learner...language development is preprogrammed in our brains
Name the theory that best accounts for the apparent ease of language acquisition in infancy and early childhood.
nativistic theory
Some reaserchers have reported that in the first few months babies who are born deaf still coo and babble, just like babies who can hear. This research result is most supportive of which theory.
nativistic theory
Dr. Terrace believes that because the majority of children acquire language without any effort, there must be a biological mechanism that facilitates language learning. Dr. Terrace's views of language development most closely mirror those of whom?
Chomsky
The compromise between learning and biological notions of language acquisition is which approach?
social ineractionist
What is assumed by the social interactionist approach to language acquisition?
assumes that biologival factors influence the course of language acquisition but that interaction between children and adults is also necessary if language skills are to develop.
Before infants speak their first intelligible words, what are their sounds called?
prelinguistic
When does the linguistic period begin?
when children utter their first words, followed by the two-word stage, and then simple sentences known as telegraphic speech
When can children detect differences in sounds and discriminate among different sounds.?
by the end of their first month
When do babies pay special attention to the sounds of speech?
from the moment they are born
Young infants turn their heads toward which sound the most?
someone talking
When do infants first discriminate the human voice from other sounds?
the end of the first month
It has been found that children typically say their first words at approx. what age?
10-12 months
What are early vocalizations that consist primarily of open vowl sounds called?
"coos" cooing
What marks the appearance of cooing in infants?
physical and sensory changes that take place around 6-8 weeks, including increased visual attention and greater control of their tongue
Cooing refers to producing what?
long open vowel sounds
When do babies generally start babbling?
by the 5th or 6th month
You are in an airport and hear 3 11 month old babies babbling, each from a different country. Compare the babbling of each of these infants.
they will each babble in ways that reflect their nationalities particular dialects and consonants
Compare language production and language comprehension.
they know what we're saying but they can't say all the words
At the holophrastic stage of language acquisition, what are the one-word terms the child uses?
topic words that express complex ideas using only one word
When is word acquisition very rapid?
during the 18th month
Identify one of the most important ways parents can promote effective communication in their children.
when parents use parentese, a simplistic way of speaking to young children, using shorter sentences, emphasis on certain words, and repetition
Amanda cries when anyone other than her mother or father tries to pick her up. Her behavior indicates that she is in which attachment phase.
phase 3
During the first two months after birth,infants are attached to whom?
their mother
When do infants start to make a clear distinction between familiar and unfamiliar figures?
during phase 2
Identify an example of a child who is in the stage of attachments in the making.
The child smiles at the presence of their mother and focuses more on familiar people.
In the development of attachment, Ainsworth's clear cut attachment phase is characterized by what?
child's fear of strangers and unwillingness to tolerate even brief periods of separating from the principal caregiver
Identify basic assumptions of Mary Ainsworth's attachment theory.
page 230
the nature of the interactions will effect the quality of the emotional bonds
In the strange situation procedure researchers pay particular attention to what?
behavior of the child when the mother returns
Identify accurate statements concerning the Strange Situation test.
test question
what is accesses
Identify the most important component of the strange situation test.
the behavior of infant when united to primary caregiver
Parents foster a secure attachment in their infants when they do what?
respond sensitively to their infants needs
What is the percentage of babies in the US classified as securely attached?
65%
Rudolpho didn't acknowledge his mother when she came back into the room after being away for ten minutes.His behavior would indicate which type of attachment?
insecurely attached
Around strangers, what behavior might an anxious-avoidant child display? Identify an example.
the child may greet the stranger when the stranger approaches
In the US about what percentage of babies are anxious-avoidant?
20%
The evidence suggests that anxious-avoidant children have what type of caregivers?
caregivers tend to be highly insensitive to their babies' signals
Identify an example of anxious-resistant behavior.
the child appears to be tense and upset even when their caregiver returns
According to Mary Ainsowrth, a child who is wary in strange situations and who is ambivalent when the mother returns after a brief absense is displaying what type of attachment?
anxious-resistant
Which mothers are generally insensitive to their babies cues?
mothers of anxious-avoidant children
mothers who are generally affectionate but who tend to respond only to their infants when they "feel like" being responsive are likely to have an infant who has which type of attachment?
anxious-resistant
A mother who is incosistent in her caregiving sometimes enthusiastic and involved, sometimes distant is most likely to have a child who has which form of attachment
anxious-resistant
Which of the three insecurely attached infant types is a combination of the other two?
disorganized-disoriented attachment
Children who grow up with several different caregivers in their early childhood are most likely to do what?
to have no attachment or "nonattachment"
When does nonattachment generally occur?
when the child has no major caregiver always involved in the child's life
Name the theorist who would most likely argue that unless infants form attachments early in life, they will fail to develop normally.
Bowlby
What is associated with secure attachment in infancy? With an insecure attachment in infancy?
securely attached are more satisfied, more resourceful, more able to be occupied when alone, have better relationships with people and are more capable of age adequate behavior,eager to learn, more popular, sympathetic and insecure tend to be less competent, less sympathetic, more fearful of strangers, more dependent on adults, less curious
Maternal characteristics that have been identified as antecedents of secure include what?
sensitivity,cooperation,acceptance, accesibility, sociability, and displays of positive affect.
Infants with a secure attachment tend to have parents who share what characteristics?
warm and responsive
Kibbutz infants develop an incredibly strong attachment to whom?
their peer groups and to the kibbutz and its members
Identify the MOST relevant personality trait in assessing a parent's sensitivity.
child centeredness
Describe social cognition.
deals with children's knowledge and thinking about psychological events-those that occur in themselves as well as in others or children's conceptions of social relationships
Harry Stack Sullivan suggests that friendship contributes to a child's social development because it does what?
it broadens the child's self understanding by providing new possibilities for social exchange and it expands the child's self understanding by providing a sense of mutuality with others.
Initially, how do 2-3 month old infants respond to each other's presence.
with diffuse arousal (general excitement)
What is the infant's major developmental task?
coming to see one's self as a causal agent
Many American parents find a qualitive change in the baby's social responsiveness when the baby is how old?
12 months
At what age does frequency of smiling increase dramatically in normal infants?
during the 3rd and 4th months
Infants do not start to cry when their mothers leave them until they are around what age?
7 or 8 months
when does separation anxiety peak?
sometime after their 1st birthday
What produces the least amount of separation anxiety for an infant?
hugging the child and saying goodbye
When does stranger anxiety begin?
around 6 months
Identify an example of social referencing.
when the mother puts on a happy expression and the child comes closer
What makes social referencing a demanding skill for infants?
the infant must have some basic understanding of the meaning of emotional expressions
Social referencing skills may help to foster what?
empathy
What causes autism?
there is no definite evidence of a cause for autism
some autistic children show echolalia.What is that?
parrot like meaningless speech
What chance do autistic children who achieve communicative speech and have average intelligence have of making an adequate social adjustment as adults?
they have a 50-50 chance
Identify the most frequent intervention prescribed for children with autism?
speech and language therapy
Identify the root of temperment.
it is not all biological but it is mostly biological
Name the five attributes that are considered to be important components of temperment.
activity level,rhythmicity,distractibility,approach or withdrawal,adaptability
Identify an example of goodness of fit.
occurs when the demands and expectations of the environment are consonant with the individual's capacities and characteristics
Identify an example of poorness of fit.
results when the individual does not have the capacities or characteristics to cope adequately with environmental demands and expecttations
Indentify an accurate statement concerning the temperment cluster of children.
pg. 251 they are slow to warm up to activities
When does optimal development of a child tend to occur?
it's optimal when the babies temperment coincides with the parent's values
What statement BEST summarizes research on temperament?
That parents should recognize and accept their child's temperament
Identify positive outcomes for children with difficult temperaments from other cultures.
cubans believe children with difficult temperaments will grow to be leaders. in africa these children are more likely to survive droughts.
Goodness of fit and optimal development for the child depends MOSTLY on what?
The acceptance of the child's temperament
Identify a universal prescription for good caregiving for infants.
adapting to the child's temperament
From the following, the number of women in the workforce MOSTLY increased due to what?
economic necessities and realities of the world
What is the current rate of maternal employment for families with school age children?
73%
The fastest growing group of employed mothers are those with children who are what age? What factor best predicts these mothers will return to work?
under age 1, college educated mothers
Identify the most frequently supported conclusion for research studies that have investigated mothers working outside the home.
women who are more educated tend to return to work sooner than those who are not
Identify an accurate statement concerning the role of fathers in dual-wage families.
Many fathers only get involved when it does not jeopardize their role as bread winner
When is physical play between the father and his child highest?
when the children are 2 years old
Fathers are less involved with their infants largely due to what?
fathers are still enriched with the "norms" of traditional masculinity
The most advanced family leave policy comes from where?
Sweden
When mothers enter the work force, their time with their children generally does what?
decreases
When fathers assume responsibilities tradiontally assumed by mothers, what happens to their sensitivity?
they become more sensitive to the child's needs
Name a process where minerals are deposited to harden bones.
ossification
Growth from the middle of the body to legs,arms,hands, etc.
proximodistil
The coating of nerve fibers with fatty covering that speeds up nervous system transmission.
myelination
These teeth are also known as baby teeth or milk teeth.
deciduous teeth
Name a study that was conducted to determine if infants can preceive depth.
visual cliff experiment
Percentage of time babies spend in REM sleep.
50%
Name the first fluid produced by the breast before actual milk production begins.
colostrum
Name a disease that is developed by infants due to protein deficiency.
kwashiorkor
name a simple type of learning where a particular stimulus ceases to elicit any physiological response.
habituation
what do you call intentional imitation.
echollalia
Name the theorist who believed humans were born with a LAD.
chomsky
Fathers sense of absortion and sense of interest in the infant.
paternal engrossment
Name a syndrome of children whos parent dont give them the attention they need and have no organic disorders.
FTTS
Name a self perpetuation cycle of abuse where abused children grow up to be abusive parents.
battered child syndrome
Most child abusers fit this category.
they are mothers