Chapters 4 Ap Psychology

Front 1

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus

Back 1

Sensory

Front 2

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Back 2

Perception

Front 3

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Back 3

Bottoms Up Processing

Front 4

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.

Back 4

Tops Down Processing

Front 5

The focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimuli.

Back 5

Selective Attention

Front 6

The ability to attend to one voice among many.

Back 6

Cocktail Party Effect

Front 7

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Back 7

Inattentional Blindness

Front 8

Failing to notice changes in the environment.

Back 8

Change Blindness

Front 9

Not noticing switches after making a choice-talk about experiment.

Back 9

Choice Blindness

Front 10

The study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them.

Back 10

Psychophysics

Front 11

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

Back 11

Absolute Threshold

Front 12

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) and background stimulation (noise). Assume there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness.

Back 12

Signal Detection Theory

Front 13

The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion (rather than by a constant amount.)

Back 13

Weber's Law

Front 14

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

WE perceive the world not exactly how it is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it.

Back 14

Sensory Adaptation

Front 15

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energy, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulse our brain can interpret.

Back 15

Transduction

Front 16

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layer of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Back 16

Retina

Front 17

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray: necessary for peripheral and twilight visionary when cones don’t respond.

Back 17

Rods

Front 18

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color.

Back 18

Cones

Front 19

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Back 19

Optic Nerve

Front 20

The part at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because no receptor cells are located there.

Back 20

Blind Spot

Front 21

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cornea cluster.

Back 21

Fovea

Front 22

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle , or movement.

Back 22

Feature Detectors

Front 23

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contests with the step by step (serial processing) of a computer.

Back 23

Parallel Processing

Front 24

Can be caused by stroke or surgery damage to the brains visual cortex, a localized area of blindness in part of their field of vision.

1 in 50 people are color deficient (colorblind) and most of them are male because the defect is genetically sex-linked.

Back 24

Blind Sight

Front 25

The theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors, one most sensitive to blue, one to green, one to red, which, when stimulated they can combine to produce any color.

Back 25

Young Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

Front 26

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

Back 26

Opponent-Process Theory

Front 27

Color processing occurs in 2 stages.

The retina’s red, green and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli.

Their signals are then processed by the nervous system's opponent-process cells in route to the visual cortex.

Back 27

Present solution to color vision

Front 28

The sense of hearing

Back 28

Hearing: Audition

Front 29

Height in waves; loudness

Back 29

Hearing: Amplitude

Front 30

Amount of waves, pitch. Long Waves = low pitch; Short Waves = high pitch.

Back 30

Hearing: Frequency

Front 31

A way of measuring sound.

Back 31

Hearing: Decibel

Front 32

IN hearing the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

Weakness, doesn’t explain how we hear low pitched sounds.

Back 32

Place Theory

Front 33

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense to pitch

Better for intermediate pitch.

We can locate sounds because sound reaches one ear a split second earlier than the other. When the sound equidistant, it is harder to locate.

Back 33

Frequency Theory

Front 34

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Damage to the eardrum or hammer, anvil, or cochlea.

Back 34

Conduction Hearing Loss

Front 35

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves also called nerve deafness, usually caused by heredity, aging and exposure to ear-splitting noise or music.

Back 35

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Front 36

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

Back 36

Cochlear Implant

Front 37

4 Basic Touch Sensations

Pressure

Warmth

Cold

Pain

Back 37

Sense of Touch

Front 38

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

Back 38

Kinesthesis

Front 39

The sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance.

Back 39

Vestibular Sense

Front 40

Nociceptors: Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals.

Back 40

Pain

Front 41

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Back 41

Gate Control Theory

Front 42

Pain control clinics use different therapies such as drugs, surgery, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, massage, exercise, hypnosis, relaxation training, and thought distraction. Even a placebo may work.

Back 42

Pain Control

Front 43

There are 5 Basic Tastes

Sweet

Sour

Bitter

Salty

Umami

Back 43

Taste

Front 44

Located on the tongue are our taste receptors.

Taste receptors replace themselves every week or two. As one ages, the number of taste buds decreases.

Back 44

Taste Buds

Front 45

The principle that one sense may influence another as the smell of food influences its taste.

Back 45

Sensory Interaction

Front 46

The mixture of taste and smell.

Back 46

Flavor

Front 47

Sense of smell

Back 47

Olfaction

Front 48

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Back 48

Gestalt

Front 49

The organization of visual field into objects (the figures ) that stand out from their surrounding (the ground)

Back 49

Figure-Ground

Front 50

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

Back 50

Grouping

Front 51

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allow us to judge distance.

Back 51

Depth Perception

Front 52

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity that depends on the use of both eyes.

Back 52

Binocular Cues

Front 53

A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the retina in the two eyes, the brain computes distance the greater the differences between the two images, the closer the object.

Back 53

Retinal Disparity

Front 54

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone.

Back 54

Monocular Cues

Front 55

Relative Height

Relative Size

Interposition

Linear Perspectives

Relative Motion

Light and Shadow

Back 55

Types of Monocular Cues

Front 56

The brain perceives movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images

Back 56

Stroboscopic Movement

Front 57

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.

Back 57

Phi Phenomenon

Front 58

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change.

Back 58

Perceptual Constancy

Front 59

Things remain the same shape even while our retinal image of it changes.

Back 59

Shape Constancy

Front 60

WE perceive objects as having a constant size even while our distance from them varies.

Back 60

Size Constancy

Front 61

We perceive an object as having a constant lightness (brightness) even while illumination varies.

Back 61

Lightness Constancy (Brightness Constancy)

Front 62

Perceiving familiar in objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

Back 62

Color Constancy

Front 63

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

Back 63

Perceptual Adaptation

Front 64

A mental predisposition to perceive one things and not another.

When found with unfamiliar situations, we form concepts or schemes that organize and interpret the information.

The effects perceptual set and context show how experience help us construct perception.

Back 64

Perceptual Set

Front 65

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input.

Back 65

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

Front 66

Mind to mind communication

Back 66

ESP: Telepathy

Front 67

Perceiving remote events

Back 67

ESP: Clairvoyance

Front 68

Being able to tell the future

Back 68

ESP: Precognition

Front 69

Mind over matter (bending spoons, levitating table)

Back 69

Psychokinesis

Front 70

The study of paranormal phenomenon.

Back 70

Parapsychology

Front 71

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

Much of our information processing occurs automatically out of sight, off the radar screen of our conscious mind.

Back 71

Priming