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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviorists like BF skinner would support what concept?
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environmental determination
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What is the division of cells as copies of themselves called?
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mitosis
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What happens in mitosis?
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A single cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.
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What is the process of cell division which produces normal growth, and biological repair and maintenance in humans called?
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meiosis
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All the cells in the human body contain 46 chromosomes except which one?
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gametes
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Diploid is to haploid as what is to what?
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mitosis is to meiosis
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Leland does not have any of his parents facial characteristics. How did this happen?
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He obtained recessive traits his parents carried
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Genetic uniqueness in humans is insured by what process that occurs during meiosis?
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crossing over
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In humans, the sex of an embryo is determined by the genetic contribution of whome?
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The male
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For many centuries women were blamed if they failed to produce male offspring. Why is this unfair?
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it is the male that determines the sex of the baby
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Which sex is most likely to be a victim of a sex linked characteristic?
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female
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down syndrome, typically characterized by abnormal appearance and mental retardation is due to what?
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an extra chromosome
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Identify the characteristics of down syndrome.
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large broad skull, slanting eyes, growth rate continues to be slow, shortness of stature, children rarely attain sexual maturity
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Identify an accurate statement concerning fragile x syndrome.
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cause of abnormal chromosomal structure, it can be inherited and can cause retardation males have it more than females, caused by the sex chromosomes 23rd pair
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Which genetic disorder that causes mental retardation may be the most treatable?
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PKU
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When do autosomal recessive disorders occur?
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when the child inherits two recessive genes
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a special diet appears to prevent the negative side effetcs of which developmental disorder?
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PKU
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which genetic disorder is most imporant to diagnose and treat within the first few days of life?
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PKU
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Which disorder is associated with clogged arteries and painful swelling of the joints?
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sickle cell anemia
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infection is the main cause of death for children and infants suffering from which genetic disorder?
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sickle cell anemia
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identify a genetic disease that causes the build up of fatty subtances in the brain and leads to death of the hcild by age 5?
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tay sachs disease
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in which affliction do individuals live long enough to be able to have children even though they may not show symptoms of the disease until years after?
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huntington's disease
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some gentic disorders such as tay sachs disease are always fatal, and yet these diseases occur in the offspring of two normal parents. how does this happen?
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the parents contain the recessive gene that carries the disorder
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identify an autosomal dominant disorder
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Huntington's disease
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identify a genetic disorder that occurs only in females
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turner's syndrome
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identify an accurate statement about turner's syndrome
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the sperm fails to produce sex chromosomes and the zygote becomes a female who has one instead of two x chromosomes resulting in a total of 45 chromosomes not 46
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what diagnostic test gives information about possible gross structural anomalies of the fetus?
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ultrasound test
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how is the amniocentesis test done?
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amniotic fluid is obtained by inserting a hollow needle through the mother's abdominal wall and into the amniotic sac
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name the prenatal testing procedure that would give soon to be parents the earliest, most informative results
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chorionic villus sampling
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indentify the prenatal testing procedure that involves genetic analysis of cells that have been suctioned from the developing placenta
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chorionic villus sampling
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Name the prenatal testing procedure in which a maternal blood sample is screened for down syndrome and neural tube defects.
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alpha-fetoprotein test
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identify two accurate statements about the AFP test
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1. measures protein manufactured in the live of the fetus.
2. if afp levels are low there is a higher chance for down syndrome |
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who coined the phrase 'nature versus nurture'?
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sir francis galton
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what is the relative contributions of genes to a given trait called?
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heritability
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identify a synonym for identical twins
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monozygotic twins
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dizygotic twins are the result of what?
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two ovum are released and each is fertilized by a different sperm
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if identical twins reared together are more alike on characteristic than identical twins reared apart, what can we infer?
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environment plays a role in particular characteristics
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if pairs of identical twins are no more similar on an attribute than are pairs of fraternal twins, what could we conclude?
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no evidence of heredity
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gene linkage studies focus on what?
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detailed family trees with many affected individuals in the hope of finding the major genese responsible for a particular disorder
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molecular genetics deals with attempts to determine what?
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the many genes that affect the trait in a probalistic rather than a predetermined manner
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what statement would best capture the general thesis of scarr's 'good enough parenting'?
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it's probably not good enough
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for personality traits, genes appear to account for about what percentage of the variables?
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50%
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the tendency to be active rather than passive would reflect which of the Big Five traits?
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extroversion
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identify the core of extroversion
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sociability or gregariousness
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identify one personality trait that is highly heritable.
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activity level
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what factor has the strongest influence on altruism?
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heredity
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the shared family environment would include what?
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common experiences that are common to all children growing up in the same family
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IQ testing on twins reveals what?
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genetic influences, demonstrated a link between the genes in common for IQ scores
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if the correlation coefficient for IQ is .70 for identical twins, .5 for siblings, and .10 for cousins, what could you conclude?
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iq is hereditary and genetic
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the fact that the correlation in iq scores between identical twins reared apart is lower than that between identical twins reared together suggest what?
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nature affects iq
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the fact that the correlation in iq scores between identical twins reared together is hight than that between fraternal twins reared together suggests what?
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genetics affects iq
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studies of iq scores in adopted children have found what?
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when the child is younger the iq is almost the same as the adoptive parents and as they reach adolescence the child's iq is tended to be more in sync with the biological parents
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currently most researchers believe that observed variations in iq scores result from what?
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interaction between genes and the environment
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a study noted in the textbook found that the ny schools elimination of high sucrose foods preservatives, synthetic colors, and flavors had what effect?
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change in diet affected the scholastic improvement in the children
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what is recommended as an optimal environment for promoting children's intelligence according to robert bradley?
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we need support and opportunities
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what is recommended as an optimal environment for promoting children's intelligence according to sandra scarr?
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we need support and opportunities
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what is recommended as an optimal environment for promoting childrens intelligence according to stanley greenspan?
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adults establishing strong, positive , emotional relationships with children to help them grow up with an openness to learning and the ability to process,understand, and experience emotion
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according the stanely greenspan, what stimulates the baby's brain to make neronal connections that maximize the infant's potential?
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positive emotional interactions
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when do women experience the greatest decline in marital satisfaction?
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from the beginning of pregnancy to 6 months after giving birth
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on average when does the transition period end in transforming a couple into parenthood?
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by the time the child is 2 yrs old
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do couples who plan for the first child have less of an upheaval at home than those who don't plan?
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yes
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identify an accurate statement concerning how babies affect the quality of marriage.
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babies make no significant difference
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what is the estimated ratio of how many couples have problems conceiving?
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1 in 6 couples
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what is the most commong cause for infertility in females?
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reduced egg production, blocked fallopian tubes
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microsurgery is successful in correcting blocked fallopian tubes approx. what percentage of the time?
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50%
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men are responsible for a couple's infertility what percentage of the time?
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40-60%
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motility refers to what?
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when the sperm does not propel themselves with sufficient vigor
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why is bearing a firstborn son so important in many cultures?
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economic concerns
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teratology is the study of what?
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substances or environmental agents that can interfere with or permanantly damage an embryo's growth
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when are teratogens most likely to produce major structural abnormalities?
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2-8 weeks after conception
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identify the primary reason that teratogenic agents tend to cause serious malformations of organs and systems during the first trimester of pregnancy?
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the rapid differentiation of organs taking place at that time
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what is the formation of body parts and organs taking place in the fetus?
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embryonic period
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when body parts and organs are undergoing a rapid development in the fetus, this is known as what?
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critical periods
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when is a pregnancy most sensitive to teratogens?
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during organogenesis
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identify the functions of the placenta.
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supplies the fetus with nourishment before it's birth and to which the fetus is attached by the umbilical cord
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when does rubella or german measles have it's greatest effects?
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during the 1st trimester
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the antibodies for a number of disease can pass through the placenta in the final weeks of pregnancy. these antibodies can immunize the newborn for how long?
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several months after birth
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the fetus stores what types of nutrients?
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iron
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what are the most important of nutrients a pregnant mother should have to maintain normal growth of a fetus?
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protein
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a mother's high blood pressure during pregnancy is associated with what?
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increased infant irritability
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what is correlated with smoking while pregnant?
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low birth weight, SIDS, spontaneous miscarriage, heart anomaly
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when is smoking by pregnant women most harmful to the health of the fetus?
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last 3 months
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identify contributing factors to low birth weight in babies of pregnant mothers who smoke.
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inadequate nutrition by causing difficulties in absorbing and/or metabolizing calcium, vitamin b12, and vitamin c
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fetal alcohol syndrome referst to babies who are born with what characteristics?
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small head,widely spread eyes, upturned nose, large ears, and a small chin
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what proportion of women in the us drink at least once during pregnancy?
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86%
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to be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome the infant must have what problems?
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facial characteristics, growth deficiency, central nervous system manifestations and a history of heavy in utero exposure
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evidence on the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy strongly suggests what?
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damage is permanent and it is unsafe you shouldn't drink at all
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what is affected by drinking early in pregnancy?
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low birth weight, abnormal heart rates,increased risk of mental retardation
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which drug would cause withdrawal symptoms in infants such as shrill crying?
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heroin
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a child is born witha small head and defective limbs,face and heart. the mother most likely abused what drug while she was pregnant?
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alcohol
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cocaine use during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with what problems?
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gastrointestinal symptoms, extreme hunger, poor feeding, weight loss, sluggish irritable and inattentive infant
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what are fragile infants?
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infants who are easily overloaded by environmental stimuli
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indentify a symptom of a fragile infant?
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shrill crying
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infants who are fragile and exhibit tremors, irritability, and a shrill cry most likely had mothers who abused what drug?
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heroin
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identify the most definitive statement on the effects of marijauna use during pregnancy?
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there is a surprising scarcity of consistent results
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the consequences of teratogenic exposure during pregnancy can be accounted for the lifestyles of whom?
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mom and dad
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identify an accurate statement concerning therapeutic and recreational drugs taken by the father.
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abnormalities have been reported after exposure to therapeutic and recreational drugs
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studies on the effects of agent orange during the vietnam war showed what?
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men had twice the risk of other men fathering infants with one or more major malformations
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fathers who use drugs such as marijuana and cocaine may contribute to what problems?
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heart problems
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creating healthy sperm aftering using drugs takes how long?
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90 days
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the sex cell of the famle is specifically called what?
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ovum
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where does fertilization usually occur?
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fallopian tube
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when is the germinal period in a pregnancy?
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first 2 weeks of gestation
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what is the first phase of prenatal life called?
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germinal period
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during the germinal phase what happens?
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process of cell division begins, implantation
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what is blastocyst?
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the zygote 3 days after fertilization. the tiny mass of cells forms a hollow fluid filled sphere that looks like a mini mulberry
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when does the end of the germinal stage occur?
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implantation
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how do the blastocyst cells get their nourishment during implantation?
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small root like extensions rupture the small blood vessels of the uterine wall
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identify the primary task for the developing baby during the embyronic period?
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differentiation and development of organs
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when does ossification occur?
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during the 8th week
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identify the longest stage of prenatal development.
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fetal stage
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the placenta is fed by blood vessoels from the mother and the embryo. identify the best statement that best describes how the two blood supplies are related.
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mother and child do not actually share the same blood system. there is no direct link between the two. vessel walls have semipermeable walls that substances can pass through.
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when does a pregnatn mother generally first experience movement of the fetus in her womb?
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2nd trimester
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when does a pregnant mother generally show a thickening wasteline?
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2nd trimester
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during the 2nd trimester, a pregnant women will secrete what from her breast?
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colostrum
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identify the best known and most widely used system of precise breathing and relaxation excercises during birth.
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lamaze
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fernand lamaze realized what?
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that factual education in preperation for childbirth makes for a easier delivery if women relax they will have a less painful birth
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identify the substantiated benefits of the lamaze method.
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shorter labors, fewer complications, less anxiety, less medication, and healthier babies
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identify one criticism of the lamaze method.
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the issue of pain medication is rarely addressed...could lead to unrealistic expectations
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what are braxton hicks contractions?
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false contractions
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during labor, contractiosn serve what purpose?
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lengthening of the uterine cavity dialate the cervix
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the average first labor and delivery of the mother is about how long?
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14 hrs
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indentify the method of childbirth that delivers a baby in a darkened room that is quiet.
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leboyer method
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what was recommended by leboyer?
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a bath right after the baby is born
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when are neurological assessments done?
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right after birth
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identify the largest single factor that appears to cause premature birth
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maternal age
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Name a hormone that was given to a mother whos daughter developed a rare form of cervical cancer.
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DES hormone diethlstybistow
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What is also called kevodon and nips buds of the fetus' appendages?
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thalidomide
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When a woman eats starch during pregnancy she has what?
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pica
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The name for significant increase in internal body temp is called?
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hyperthermia
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what percentage of babies are born on the due date?
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4%
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maind medical advantage of home birth is?
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baby is already immune to germs at home
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when a baby comes out bottom first it is called?
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breach
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the only medical reason for circumcision is to prevent this?
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phimosis
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what is discharged from the bloody show?
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fluid
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during the 2nd stafe of labor what is the apperance of the baby's scalp called?
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crowning
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what is the name for fetal bowel material?
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meconium
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what is the creamy substance on the newborn baby called?
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vernix
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what is belarubin caused by?
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immature liver, jondis
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most common type of birthmark is?
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port wine stains
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