Chapters 1-6 Key Terms

Front 1

Biological Anthropology

Back 1

Study of humans as biocultural species.

Front 2

Species

Back 2

Group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring among themselves but not members of other groups.

Front 3

Human Ecology

Back 3

Relationships between humans and their environment.

Front 4

Science

Back 4

Inquiry that requires generation, testing, acceptance, or rejection of hypothesis.

Front 5

Theory

Back 5

Well supported general idea that explains a large set of factual patterns and predicts other patterns

Front 6

Induction

Back 6

Devising a general explanation from specific information.

Front 7

Deduction

Back 7

Suggesting specific data that would be found if a hypothesis were true.

Front 8

Evolution

Back 8

Species of living things change over time and under the right circumstances this brings new species from existing ones.

Front 9

Strata

Back 9

Layers of the Earths surface.

Front 10

Catastrophists

Back 10

Believe history of the earth is explained by a series of global catastrophies; natural or divine.

(Ex. Nicholas STENO & Robert HOOKE)

Front 11

Uniformitarianism

Back 11

Idea that present day geographical processes can explain the history of the Earth

Front 12

Adaptation

Back 12

State in which organism is adjusted to and can survive in its environment through its physical traits and behaviors

Front 13

Progressive

Back 13

In Evolution, the now discounted idea that all change is toward increasing complexity

Front 14

Inheritance of Aquired Characteristics

Back 14

Incorrect idea that adaptive traits aquired during an organisms lifetime can be passed on through offspring.

Front 15

Fitness

Back 15

Relative adaptiveness of an individual organism, measured by reproductive success.

Front 16

James Ussher

Back 16

Irish Archbishop & scholar, worked many years to determine exact age of creation
-start of "The Scientific Method" & heavy research

Front 17

Robert Hooke

Back 17

Believed fossils were remains of extinct creatures & could be used to study history of the Earth

Front 18

Nicholas "Strata" Steno

Back 18

Strata are layers of sediments deposited in a sequence

Front 19

Debuffon & Hutton

Back 19

"Earth must be older than 6000 Years"

Front 20

William Smith

Back 20

Makes the 1st Geological map

Front 21

Lyell

Back 21

"Great Cycles of Change" - (Dino's coming back!)

3 Volumes: "The principals of Geology" published in 1830 - 1833

Front 22

The Origin of Species

Back 22

Made a rational account of:
1. WHAT happened: Historical Evidence
2. HOW it happened: Natural Selection

Front 23

Anagenesis

Back 23

Changes occur within a lineage

Front 24

Speciation

Back 24

Genetic changes sometimes accumulate as it adapts to local conditions
(ex. Darwin Finches)

- Species cannot interbreed

Front 25

Biogeography

Back 25

Geographical distribution of living creatures

Front 26

Paleantology

Back 26

Strata and sedimentary deposits, or fossils.

Front 27

Embryology

Back 27

Stages of development that embryos pass through birth or hatching

Front 28

Morphology

Back 28

Anatomical shape and design; Creatures easily sorted into Genera, Family, Orders and Whole Kingdoms

Front 29

Homologues

Back 29

Superficially different but fundamentally similar versions of a single order or trait, shared by dissimilar species

(ex. Tibia/Fibula bones shared by reptiles and mammals)

Front 30

Vestigial Characteristics

Back 30

Morpheological evidence that shows the living world is full of small and tolerable imperfections.

Stand as remnants of the evolutionary history of a lineage.

Front 31

Homology

Back 31

Similarities in related organisms in an ancestry

Front 32

Speciation

Back 32

The evolution of a new species

Front 33

Reverant Empiracist

Back 33

Not satisfied until you see solid data

Front 34

Why was Darwins theories of Evolution always under attack?

Back 34

1. Naturalists argued he was "too theoretical"
- Darwins response: Science is more than "list making". Data without generalizations are useless

Front 35

Theory

Back 35

Well tested and well supported generalizations that explain a set of observations.

Front 36

Evolution as a Historical Science

Back 36

Prediction and verification by subsequent observation

Front 37

The Argument in "The Origin of Species"

Back 37

Against William Paley's book

Correlated the works of God (Nature) with the words of God (Bible)

Front 38

William Paley

Back 38

1802
William Paley's book "Natural Theology"
Correlated the works of God (Nature) with the words of God (Bible)
Advances the work of John Ray

Front 39

John Ray

Back 39

1691
"Wisdom of God Manifested in Works of Creation"
Playbook for Creationism
Explains Analogy between humans and Divine creation

Front 40

Top Down Design

Back 40

Paley and others belief of "Natural Theology"
(i.e. GOD)

Front 41

Bottom Up Design

Back 41

Darwins shift to Natural Selection

Front 42

Ernst Mayr

Back 42

Evolutionary Theorist
Believed Evolution has a dual nature
1. Vertical Phenomenon of Adaptive Change
2. Horizontal Phenomenon of Populations, Insipient Species and New Species

Front 43

Vertical Phenomenon of Adaptive Change

Back 43

Describes how species respond to its environment over time.

Front 44

Horizontal Phenomenon of Populations, Insipient Species and New Species

Back 44

Describes adaptations that break through the genetic divide

Front 45

Mayr's Definition of a Species

Back 45

A species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such populations

Front 46

5 Tenets of Evolution

Back 46

1. Evolution
2. Descendent with modification
3. Gradualism
4. Multiplication
5. Natural Selection

Front 47

Descendent with Modification

Back 47

Evolution proceeds through branching descent (Common)

Offspring is similar but not exact (Necessary Variation)

Front 48

Gradualism

Back 48

Change is slow, steady and stately
Macroevolution = a result of Microevolution

Front 49

Multiplication

Back 49

Produces increasing # of new species

Front 50

Natural Selection: The Selective Process

Back 50

A. Populations tend to increase in a geometric ratio (2,4,8,16,24)
B. In a natural environment, population #'s stabilize @ certain level
C. "Struggle for existence"
D. Variation in every species
E. Differential reproductive success (>Adapted = >Surviving Offspring)

Front 51

Richard Dawkins

Back 51

Oxford Evolutionary Biologist
"Random mutation (in genes) plus NON-RANDOM cumulative selection (of survival of hosts)"

Front 52

Allopatric Speciation

Back 52

Mayrs theory that states as long as it remains small and detached, species can undergo rapid genetic changes, especially relative to large populations, sustains genetic homogeneity through diverse interbreeding

Front 53

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 53

Gaps in the fossil record are not missing evidence of gradual changes; they are extant evidence of punctuated changes

Front 54

William Whewell

Back 54

To prove a theory, one must have more than one induction drawn from specific facts, but must have multiple inductions that converge.

Front 55

Convergence of Evidence

Back 55

Independent lines of evidence in different fields that converge to a single conclusion

Front 56

Richard Dawkins

Back 56

Wrote "The Ancestors Tale" and Term of concestors

Front 57

Concestors

Back 57

"Point of rendezvous" with the last common ancestry shared by particular species

Front 58

Comparative Method

Back 58

Allows us to infer information on evolutionary relationships using data from a wide variety of fields

Front 59

Phenotype

Back 59

Physical Trait

Front 60

Genotype

Back 60

Genetic Trait

Front 61

Hypothetical Deductive Method

Back 61

Forms hypothesis based on existing data, deduces a prediction, then tests prediction against further data

Front 62

Vestigial Structures point to __________?

Back 62

Leftover Traces of Evolutionary History

Front 63

Darwin stands on the shoulders of these (7) Giants

Back 63

1. Ussher - Age of Creation
2. Robert Hooke - Fossils
3. Nicholas Steno - Sequential Strata
4. William Smith - First Geological Map
5. Charles Lyell - Slow and steady "Principals of Geography"
6. Linnaeus - System of Latin Nomenclature for classifying plants/animals
7. Lamarck - Evolution, adaptation, "Aquired Characteristics"

Front 64

Lamarck

Back 64

Evolution, Adaptation, "Aquired Characteristics"
ex. Giraffes

Front 65

Mendel

Back 65

Augustinian Monk; known as the "Father of Genetics"
Bred Bee's, Mice and Pea Plants
Offspring resemble charac. of parents
Key Observations

Front 66

Mendels Key Observations

Back 66

1. Both parents (1 dominant) able to predict frequency of outcome
2. Applied mathematical formulas

Front 67

Particulate

Back 67

Idea that biological traits are controlled by individual factors than an all encompassing hereditary agent (Mendel)

Front 68

Genes

Back 68

Portions of DNA Molecules that code for a functional product (Usually a protein)

Front 69

Protiens

Back 69

Molecules that make cells and carry out cellular functions

Front 70

Amino Acids

Back 70

Chief components of protiens

Front 71

Enzymes

Back 71

Protiens that control chemical processes

Front 72

Chromosomes

Back 72

Strands of DNA in the nucleus of a cell

Front 73

DNA

Back 73

Molecule that carries out genetic code

Front 74

Replication

Back 74

Copy of genetic code during cell division

Front 75

Mitosis

Back 75

Process of cell division that results in exact copies of original cell

Front 76

Codon

Back 76

3 Base sequence that codes for a specific Amino Acid

Front 77

Protein Synthesis

Back 77

Process which genetic code puts together proteins in a cell

Front 78

Polygenic

Back 78

Trait coded for more than one gene

Front 79

Monogenic

Back 79

Trait coded for a single gene

Front 80

Genome

Back 80

Total genetic endowment of an organism

Front 81

Mendelian Genetics

Back 81

Basic laws of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel (19th Cent)

Front 82

Alleles

Back 82

Variations of a gene

Front 83

Genotypes

Back 83

Alleles posessed by an organism

Front 84

Homozygous

Back 84

Having 2 different alleles in a gene pair

Front 85

Phenotype

Back 85

Chemical or Physical results of the genetic code

Front 86

Dominant

Back 86

Allele of heterozygous pair that expressed in a phenotype

Front 87

Recessive

Back 87

Allele of a pair that's expressed only if homozygous

Front 88

Codominant

Back 88

Both Alleles of a pair are expressed in a phenotype

Front 89

Envionmental

Back 89

Any non genetic influence on the phenotype

Front 90

Mutation

Back 90

Any mistake in an organisms genetic code

Front 91

Gametes

Back 91

Cells of sexual reproduction, contain 1/2 chromosomes of a normal cell

Front 92

Zygote

Back 92

Fertilized egg before cell division begins

Front 93

Segregation

Back 93

Breaking up of allele pairs in the production of gametes

Front 94

Meiosis

Back 94

process of cell division in which gametes are produced

Front 95

Somatic Cells

Back 95

Go through MITOSIS -> Original copies

Front 96

Sperm/Ovarian Cells

Back 96

Go through MEIOSIS -> Combining Cells

Front 97

Point Mutations

Back 97

Single incorrect base in a codon
ex. Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 98

Chromosomal Mutations

Back 98

Mutations that involve a whole chromosome or large portion of one
ex. Downs Syndrome "Trisomy 21")

Front 99

Only Mutations that concern us are _________?

Back 99

Those that occur in gametes or specialized cells which produce gametes (passed on through generations)

Front 100

Gene Flow

Back 100

Migration of genes from one population to another

Front 101

Genetic Drift

Back 101

Change in genetic frequency over time

Front 102

Mendel studied traits in peas that happened to be ________?

Back 102

Monogenic

Front 103

In humans, of traits that are genetic, most are ___________?

Back 103

Polygenic

Front 104

Fission

Back 104

A nation state divides and becomes multiple states

Front 105

Founder Effect

Back 105

The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals

Front 106

Bottleneck

Back 106

Sharp reduction in size of a population due to environmental random events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, or droughts) or human activities.

Front 107

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism (RIM)

Back 107

Any difference that prevents production of fertile offspring between members of 2 populations

Front 108

Ecological Adaptation (RIM)

Back 108

Members of a popyulation are adapted to different environmental niches, even if ranges overlap

Front 109

Seasonal (RIM)

Back 109

Reproduction within each population takes place at different times of the year.

Front 110

Sexual (RIM)

Back 110

Behaviors that attract one sex to another are different in 2 pops.

Front 111

Mechanical (RIM)

Back 111

The organs of a reproduction are incompatible

Front 112

Different Pollinators (RIM)

Back 112

Flowering plants, different species, even if related, attract different insects/birds/bats for pollination.

Front 113

Gamete Isolation (RIM)

Back 113

Cells of reproduction may be incomplete thus preventing fertilization even if mating takes place

Front 114

hybrid inviability (RIM)

Back 114

Fertilization may occur, but the hybrid zygotes do not survive

Front 115

Hybrid Sterility (RIM)

Back 115

Hybrids survive but do not produce functional gametes

Front 116

The Origin of Species due to:

Back 116

The evolution of any one of the differences between populations that prevent the production of fertile offspring.

(Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms)

Front 117

Macro-mutations

Back 117

Breeding population within a species shares a mutation with extensive phenotypic effects

Accelerates speciation

Front 118

Adaptive Radiation

Back 118

Evolution and spreading out of species and new niches

Front 119

There are __________ named species living today.

Back 119

1.5 million

Front 120

Adaptive Radiation's 3 General Circumstances:

Back 120

1. When the env. supports no similar/competing species.

2. When extensive extinction empties a set of env. of competing species

3. When the new group of related species are adaptively generalized & are able to disperse successfully into diff. niches and displace species already out there.

Front 121

Generalizes

Back 121

Species adapted to a wide variety of niches

Front 122

Specialized

Back 122

Species adapted to a narrow range of env. niches

Front 123

Prosimian

Back 123

Primate with primitive features that closely resembles ancient primates.

Front 124

Diurnal

Back 124

Active during the day

Front 125

Nocturnal

Back 125

Active at night

Front 126

Arboreal

Back 126

Adapted to life in the trees

Front 127

Microevolution

Back 127

Evolutionary change within a single species through time

Front 128

Macroevolution

Back 128

Branching of new species with existing species

Front 129

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 129

Species tend to remain stable and that evolutionary changes occur fairly suddenly through the evolution of new species branching from existing ones.

Front 130

Catastrophic Mass Extinctions

Back 130

Bad Luck, not bad genes

Ex. Dinosaurs 65mya

Front 131

Pseudoscience

Back 131

palmistry, astrology, crystals

Front 132

Scientific Creationism

Back 132

Belief that the universe was created spontaneously by supernatural forces around 10,000 ya.

Refutes Evolution

Front 133

Intelligent Design

Back 133

Belief that an intelligent designer played a role in some aspect of the evolutionary life on Earth, usually the origin of life itself.